Dr Kafeel Ahmed

Construction application of the concrete

1. Highways and airfields
2. Structural concrete
3. Massive concrete
Dams
Barrages
Weirs canal linings
Penstocks
Properties of each type of concrete are different

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Construction application of the concrete
Highways and airfields

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Construction application of the concrete
Structural concrete components
1. Beams
2. Columns
3. Slabs
4. Wall panels
5. Bridge parts

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Structural concrete components

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Bridge parts

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Massive concrete
1.Barrages



2.Weirs
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Massive concrete
3.Canals




4.Dams
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Structure of the concrete
Level of observation

1. Macro level
2. Meso level
3. Micro level

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Structure of the concrete
1. Macro level
Concrete is considered as one Material
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Structure of the concrete
1. Meso level
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Structure of the concrete
1. Meso level
Concrete is considered as Material consisting of
Cement sand matrix
Coarse aggregates
Cracks
ITZ [interfacial transition zone]
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Structure of the concrete
1. Micro level
Concrete is considered as Material consisting of
C-S-H
C-H
K-C-S-H
CaCO
3
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Products of Hydration
Backscattered electron image
(SEM) of the C
3
S paste hydrated
for 24 h. Magnification: 250.

Backscattered electron image
(SEM) of the alite paste hydrated
for 1 month. Magnification: 250.

[Knut O. Kjellsen a,*, Harald Justnes Norcem AS, R&D Department, N-3950 Brevik, Norway
SINTEF, Civil and Environmental Engineering, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway]

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
1. Binder: That binds the fillers together
2. Fillers: The occupy the space and chemically inert
3. Secondary Binder: They perform their function after the
hydration
4. Hydration agent and lubricant: Required for hydration
reaction
5. Friction reducers: The increase the distance between binder
particles
6. Mineral admixtures: To optimize the packing of
particles
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
1.Cement: Reacts with water to produce binding gel

C
3
S + H
2
O+C
3
A+Ca(SO
4
) C-S-H+ CH+ C
3
A3CaSO
4
32H
2
O
C
2
S+ H
2
O+C
3
A+Ca(SO
4
) C-S-H + CH+ C
3
A3CaSO
4
32H
2
O

Ettringinite
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Products of Hydration
Calcium Silicate Hydrate Gel C-S-H
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)
2
Ettringnite C
3
A3CaSO
4
32H
2
O

Advanced concrete technology John Newman
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Fillers:

Coarse Aggregates
Fine Aggregates

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Coarse Aggregates: Particles retained on ASTM
sieve No 4
1. Crushed rock particles


www.philstopsoil.com
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Coarse Aggregates: Particles retained on ASTM
sieve No 4
2.River run gravels

www.philstopsoil.com
www. or.water.usgs.gov
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Mineral Nature
Limestone
Limestone dolomite
Shale:
Gabbros
Basalt
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Limestone: Sedimentary rocks
Limestone dolomite: Sedimentary rocks
www. horton.ednet.ns.ca
www. sciencenetlinks.com
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Shale/ Marble: Metamorphic rocks

www. geophysics.ou.edu www.earth.ox.ac.uk
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Gabbros: Igneous
Basalt: Igneous
www. videojug.com www. buzzle.com
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Gabbros: Extrusive mafic volcanic rock
www. volcano.oregonstate.edu www. geology.about.com
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Basalt: Intrusive mafic volcanic rock
www. itc.gsw.edu www. meteorites.wustl.edu
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Fine Aggregates: Naturally crushed rock i.e Sand
Scanning electron microscopic image of sand particles
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Fine Aggregates: Naturally crushed rock i.e Sand
Coarse Sand
Fine Sand
www. scottbros.com
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Hydration agent and lubricant: Water
1. It is expressed as a ratio of cement.
2. Water fit for drinking is fit for concrete ACI2009
3. It reacts with cement
4. It lubricates the coarse and fine aggregates
5. Hence reduce the friction
6. Improve the workability of concrete
7. Workability: It is the workdone required to produce full
compaction with minimum loss of homogenity.
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Secondary Binders:
1. They don't react with water
2. These materials react with CH
3. They form secondary silicate hydrates K-C-S-H
4. These hydrates are strong and tough

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete


Scanning electron microscopy of condensed silica fume SFI

Secondary Binders:
1.Micro Silica

Chai Jaturapitakkul*, Kraiwood Kiattikomol, Vanchai Sata, Theerarach Leekeeratikul
Department of Civil Engineering, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Properties:

1. Surface area: Silica fumes due to very large
surface area (15000 m
2
/kg)and high concentration of
SiO
2
(about 92%) are highly reactive.[1]

2. Size: There can be 50,000 to 100,000 particles of
silica fumes per cement particle.
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Properties:

3. Thixotropy: Silica fumes concrete is thixotropic
due to ball bearing effect of spherical shaped
particles.

4. Reactivity: Increases the rate of hydration of
C
3
S fraction of cement (Andrija 1986)

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Scanning electron microscopy of original fly ash.

Chai Jaturapitakkul*, Kraiwood Kiattikomol, Vanchai Sata, Theerarach Leekeeratikul
Department of Civil Engineering, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand

Secondary Binders:
2. Flyash

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Types of Fly Ash
Type Specific Area Activity Particle Shape
m
2
/kg
Coarse 1800 Highly Crystalline Irregular
Fly ash

Medium 5000 Medium Glassy Combination
Fly ash

Fine 9000 Highly Glassy Spherical
Fly ash
[Chai Jaturapitakkul*, Kraiwood Kiattikomol, Vanchai Sata, Theerarach Leekeeratikul
Department of Civil Engineering, King Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand]

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Secondary Binders:
3-Ground granulated blast furnace slag [GGBS]
Produced during the extraction of pig iron
Through the blast furnace


Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Ground granulated blast furnace slag GGBS
Ball mill
produced
sample
Vibro mill
produed
sample
Air flow mill
produced
sample
Ball mill
sample
with
grinding
Assistant
Huiwen Wan*, Zhonghe Shui, Zongshou Lin
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
Received 7 November 2002; accepted 17 July 2003

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Properties of GGBS Concrete
1. Water demand:
Reduced water demand (smooth surface
textured GGBS particles attach to the
cement grain retarding early hydration
hence enhance flluidity)
2. Stiffening time: Increased stiffening time

3. Bleeding:Increased probability of bleeding



Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Properties of GGBS Concrete
4. Form work pressure:Increased form work
pressure

5. Curing periods:Longer curing periods

6. Thermal cracking:Reduced thermal cracking


Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Constituents of GGBS in comparason with OPC
Oxides OPC % GGBS %
CaO 64.0 40.0
SiO
2
21.0 36.0
Al
2
O
3
6.0 10.0
Fe
2
O
3
3.0 0.5
MgO 1.5 8.0
SO
3
2.0 0.2
K
2
O 0.8 0.7
Na
2
O 0.5 0.4
Advanced concrete technology John Newman
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Hydration mechanism
OPC+water C-S-H+Ca(OH)
2
NaOH
KOH

GGBS+Ca(OH)
2
C-(N,K)-S-H
NaOH
KOH
Advanced concrete technology John Newman
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
4.Metakaolin


www. hpcbridgeviews.com
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Micro filler:
Quartz Sand: Size 200-500 m
-6
www.rajasthanminerals.com
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Micro filler:
Quartz powder: Size 1-10 m
-6
www. tradekorea.com
http://www.37micronsindia.com/snow-white-quartz-powder.htm
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
High range water reducers/ Admixtures
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Admixtures
Types depending upon function
Plasticizer
Superplasticizer

Types depending upon origin
Lignin based
Coal tar or petroleum based

Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Processing
Sulphonation[With concentrated sulphuric acid]

Polymerization[to improve properties]

Neutralization[with salts to have ionic effect]
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
Functional Constituents of concrete
Basic Types

1.Sulphonated melamine fomaldehyde(SMF).

2.Sulphonated naphthalene fomaldehyde(SNF).

3.Poly carboxilate ether chains(PCE)Third generation
Dr Kafeel Ahmed
General Proportioning