AIR GENERATION AND AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Prepared by:
ISMANIZA ISMAIL
Mechanical Engineering Department
Polytechnic of Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin
INTRODUCTION
Heat is not necessary in the system and therefore it will be released using
the cooling fin of compressor. At the final stage, vapor is produced and
will be drained out because water vapor cant be compressed.
Produce many heat
Pressure
increased
Air is
compressed
FORMULA OF COMPRESSION AIR
a.PRESSURE
kPa, psi, bar
1 atm
= 100kPa (1Pa = 1 N/m2)
= 14.5 psi
= 1.01325 bar
b. BOYLES LAW
Volume mass is
decreases and
pressure will
increases
If the volume is
reduced by half, so
the pressure will
increase doubled.
P1V1 = P2V2
Force pressure on the piston
c. FORCE
Force(N)= Pressure x Area
d. DEW
When air is
saturated with
water vapor, it
is called Dew
Point.
USAGE OF COMPRESSED AIR
Handling
reciprocating tools
for example rivet ,
concrete breaker
and etc.

Handling rotary
tools for example
air motor,
grinding, air
pump, wrenches,
drill, reamer and
etc.
Air spray for
cleaning
purpose.
Handling air
pistons for
pressing tool,
door opener,
lifter, clutch and
etc.
Expand
the tire

Starter for
big diesel
engine.
Handle
controlling
tool, valve
and etc.
TYPES of COMPRESSOR

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR
A machine with group of air or gas which placed in a
closed container, because the pressure will increase
when the volume is reduced. (generate power)
Is used in the compressor plants for controlling
pneumatic.
There are two types of this compressor, reciprocating
and rotary types.

a. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

Single or
multistage
piston
Diaphragm
or
membrane
SINGLE STAGE
Using single or same
size of piston.
Generate pressure up
to 150psi (1034kPa)
Suitable for light
works : blow gun,
sparay paint, etc.
OPERATION OF SINGLE STAGE
The intake gas enters the suction
manifold, then flows into the
compression cylinder where it
gets compressed by a piston
driven in a reciprocating motion
via a crankshaft and is then
discharged.
Application : oil refineries, gas
pipelines, chemical plants, natural
gas processing plants and
refrigeration plants.
DOUBLE STAGE
Using more
than one
cylinder with
different size.
Diameter of
1
st
stage
cylinder is
greater than
2
nd
stage.
Suitable for
textile,
plastic, paper
and cleaning
industries.
Explain the operation of this type of compressor.
DIAPHRAGM COMPRESSOR
similar to the
piston
compressor but
it uses a disc or
diaphragm
instead of piston.
ROTARY COMPRESSOR

VANE SCREW
VANE COMPRESSOR
The compressor is compact, high
speed and free from lubricant
contamination. Usually this
compressor has higher efficiency
than centrifugal compressor but
not as efficient as the reciprocating
compressor. The rotary compressor
can produce pressure between 400
to 800 kN/m.
Cam Ring
Rotor
Shaft
Slot
Vane
SCREW COMPRESSOR
The screw compressor using
lubricant to prevent from leakage.
It is suitable used for unformed
workload. Problem of screw
compressor is the compressed air
has oil and therefore the filter is
needed and being installed at
outlet.
DYNAMIC COMPRESSOR
The air or gas compressed through dynamic vane
produce speed and pressure to the flow.
The air flow inside the axial has the same direction
with the shaft rotation, while the flow in centrifugal
has the same direction with its radius rotation.
Sometimes the centrifugal compressor is known as
blower depends on how dynamic its flow.

This kind of compressor is used when the flow and high volume
is needed.
Usually the dynamic compressor not be able to produce high
pressure and therefore it is not suitable to be used as the
compressor in the pneumatic system.
Even though it is capable to produce high volume of air but its
function limited as a fan or blower.

Axial compressor
Centrifugal compressor
FREE AIR DELIVERY
Delivery of air at atmospheric
conditions vary from place to place.
The temperature of the air
standards commonly used standard
free air for standard air pressure
and temperature are 1.010 bar and
0 degree C.
PERIBAHASA HARI INI
HARAPKAN ____________ ,
____________ MAKAN PADI.


BAGAI MELEPASKAN _____________
DIATAS TANGGA.


Harapkan Pegar, Pegar
makan padi.
Bagai melepaskan batok
di atas tangga.
ANCILLARY AIR COMPRESSION SYSTEM
suction filter and silencer

reservoir/air tank
relief valve
service unit
Air Compression Plant

SUCTION FILTER AND SILENCER


Each compression system need suction filter to
remove contaminants before it reaches air inlet.

A silencer sometimes is needed to control the
noise in the compressor.
RESERVOIR/AIR TANK

Filter the entering air to the main system.

Storing compressed air to prevent compressor
from working directly.

Regulate pressure impulse which comes from
compressor or pneumatic system.

Transfer heat to cooling up the compressed air as
to let the vapor drop down into the tank before to
the system.


Gather the vapor and contaminants from air.

Pressure relief valve located on top of air tank and
its function as to control excessive pressure.


RELIEF VALVE

This component is installed to stabilize the
fluctuation pressure in the system and constant
the pressure.

The accumulator is installed on each plant that
uses compressed air as a center source.


SERVICE UNIT (FRL)

Service units
include air filter,
pressure regulator
and lubricant.
Pressure regulator - is a valve
that make sure working
pressure in a constant value
even no balancing in the air
pressure primer and usage rate
of air. Pressure inlet must
always higher than pressure
outlet.
Air Filter- is used to clean up the
compressed air from all contaminants and
vapor that can causes damage to the
components.
(standard,micro,sub-micro filter)
Lubricator -enough lubricant is
needed for pneumatic
components. Installation is
made by piping. Pipe is made
from rubber, plastic or steel.
Pipe for gas channel is not
suitable to used. Piping
installation must consider the
flow speed and pressure drop
in the pipe along the main
piping .
AIR DEHYDRATION
Decrease
temperature and
drying the air
AIR DRYER
AFTER
COOLER
AFTER COOLER

AIRCOOLER or
COOLING AIR is
cooling process
using the air.
WATER COOLER
or COOLING
WATER is
cooling process
using water as
a medium.
AIR DRYER
Absorption Dryer
using a gel material to
absorb water from air.
(urea,lithium,calcium
cloride)
ABSORPTION
Oil vapor and oil particles are
also separated in the absorption
dryer.
The moisture in the compressed
air forms a compound with the
drying agent in the tank.
This causes the drying agent to
break down; it is then
discharged in the form of a fluid
at the base of the tank.
The mixture must be regularly
drained and the fluxing agent
must be regularly replaced.
Adsorption Dryer
using chemical method to dry the
air. (silica gel, activated aluminium)
ADSORPTION
Water is deposited on the surface
of solids.
The drying agent is a granular
material (gel) consisting almost
entirely of silicon dioxide.
Usually two tanks are used. When
the gel in one tank is saturated, air
flow is switched to the dry, second
tank and the first tank is
regenerated by hot-air drying.
The lowest equivalent dew points
(down to -90 degree C)can be
achieved by means of adsorption
drying.
Low Temperature or Coolant or Refrigerant Drying
With the refrigerated drying, the compressed
air is passed through a heat-exchanger system
through which a refrigerant flows. The aim is to
reduce the temperature of the air to a dew
point which ensures that the water in the air
condenses and drops out in the quantity
required.
The air entering into the refrigeration dryer is
pre-cooled in a heat exchanger by the escaping
cold air. It is then cooled in the cooling unit to
temperatures between +2 and +5 degree C.
The dried compressed air is filtered. Before the
compressed air is output into the network, the
air is heated to bring the air back to ambient
conditions. Using refrigeration methods, it is
possible to achieve dew points between +2 and
+5 degree C.
LETs DISCUSS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT COMPRESSOR DYNAMIC COMPRESSOR


In your lab group, discuss the differences of
positive and dynamic compressor.
THE END..thank you
for your attention.