Bridge Course

Introduction TO ENGINEERING
( MECHANICAL ENGINEERING )

Introduction

Engineering Graphics is a language of
communication between engineers on
international basis.

The beauty of this tool of communication
is that it transfers 100% information
between technical peoples.

Graphical presentation is more than an
essay for describing the same thing.


Drawing Instruments
and simple geometry
Instruments for Drawing
Following drawing instruments are required
for preparing a neat and correct drawing.
Basic Instruments.

(i) Drawing board (ii) Drawing sheet
(iii) Drawing pencil (iv) Drawing clips
(v) Eraser (vi) Eraser shield
Instruments for Drawing Straight Lines.
(i) T- square. (ii) Set- squares
Instruments for Drawing Curved Lines.
(i) Large size compass (ii) Small bow
(iii) French curve
Instruments for Measuring Distance.
(i) Large size divider (ii) Small bow divider
(iii) Scales
Instruments for Measuring Angles.
(i) Protractors (ii) Set-squares
Special Tool. Mini drafter
Fig. 1 The top surface of the board is perfectly smooth and level. Fig. 2
Bottom of the drawing board. A drawing board is rectangular in shape
and is made of well seasoned soft wood such as oak or pine. A
straight ebony edge is fitted on the left side on the board against which
the head of the T- square moves










Fig. 1 Drawing Board (Top) Fig. 2 Drawing Board (Bottom)
Drawing Board
T- Square

It is composed of a long strip called blade, which is screwed
rigidly at right angle to a shorter piece called head or
stock. It is made of mahogany or pear wood, which is harder
than the board wood. The head also has an ebony edge which
slides against the working edge of the board. T- Square is
used for making horizontal, vertical, inclined or parallel lines
on the drawing sheet.

How to Clamp Paper to Drafting Board Using Clips
1. Place the paper close to the tables left edge.
2. Move the paper until its lower edge place about the top edge of T-
square.
3. Align the top edge of the paper with T-square blade.
4. Attach the papers corners with tape/clips .
5. Move T-square down to smooth the paper.
6. Attach the remaining papers corners with tape/clips.
Clips
Neatness, quality and accuracy of the drawing greatly depends upon the type
and conditions of the pencil used for drawing.

(a) Hard : 9H to 4H
(b) Medium : 3H to B (3H, 2H, H, F, HB and B)
(c) Soft : 2B to 7B

Following pencils should be used for drawing work in class:

2H Pencil - For drawing outlines, Centre lines, Break lines, etc.

H Pencil - For dimensioning, arrowheads, hatching lines, lettering,
sketching, circles, arcs, etc.

Micro tip pencil - 0.5mm for drawing outlines and 0.8mm for shading and
sketching
Drawing Pencil.
ISO A Drawing Sizes (mm)
A4 210 X 297
A3 297 X 420
A2 420 X 594
A1 594 X 841
A0 841 X 1189
Sizes of drawing sheet typically comply with either of two
different standards, ISO (World Standard) or ANSI/ASME
Y14 (American), according to the following tables:

ISO paper sizes

1. Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle,
holding compass handle between thumb and index
fingers.
2. Complete circle. Revolve handle clockwise.
Using the Compass
Using a Circle Template
1. Draw two perpendicular lines that pass through center
of a circle to be drawn.
2. Place the template till all marking coincide with center
lines.
3. Tracing the circle. (Hold the pencil normal to the paper.)
Center of a circle to be drawn
Draw a Horizontal Line
1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the table.
2. Smooth the blade to the right.
Draw a Horizontal Line
3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60
o
with the paper in the
direction of the line and slightly toed in.
4. Draw the line from left to right while rotating the pencil
slowly.
Draw a line at 45
o
with horizontal
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
1. Place 45
o
triangle on the T-square edge and press them
firmly against the paper.
A
B
Draw the line passing through
two given points
1. Place the pencil tip at one of the points.
2. Place the triangle against the pencil tip.
A

B

Given
3. Swing the triangle around the pencil tip
until its edge align with the second point.
4. Draw a line.
To Bisect a Line
1. Swing two arcs of any radius greater than half-length of
the line with the centers at the ends of the line.
2. Join the intersection points of the arcs with a line.
(not to scale)
A

B

r
1
Given
A

B

r
1
3. Locate the midpoint.
To Bisect an Angle
2. Swing the arcs of any radius from the intersection
points between the previous arc and the lines.
3. Draw the line.
1. Swing an arc of any radius whose centers at the vertex.
(not to scale)
r
1
Given
A

B

C

A

B

C

r
2
r
2

PROBLEM :

To make 12 equal parts of circle.



2
3
5
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
PROBLEM :

To make 08 equal parts of circle.
3
2
8
7
4
5
6
1
PROBLEM : To make 12 equal parts of line.
1
3
2
1
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
0
12
11
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12
How to Keep Your Drawing Clean
Do
Dont
Dimensioning and
geometrical construction
Dimensioning components
Extension lines
Dimension lines
(with arrowheads)
Leader lines
Dimension figures
Notes :
- local note
- general note
Drawn with
4H pencil
Lettered with
2H pencil.
indicate the location on the objects features that are dimensioned.
Extension lines
Dimension lines
indicate the direction and extent of a dimension, and inscribe dimension figures.
10 27
43
1
3

indicate details of the feature with a local note.
Leader lines
10 27
43
1
3

10 Drill, 2 Holes
R16
3
0

30
30
3
0

EXAMPLE : Dimension of length using aligned method.
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
EXAMPLE : Dimension of length using unidirectional method.
Introduction to
Orthographic
Projection
ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS

CONCEPT OF 1
ST
AND 3
RD
ANGLE
PROJECTION METHODS
Projection systems
1. First angle system
2. Third angle system
First Quadrant
Third
Quadrant
- European country
- ISO standard India
- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand
Orthographic projection
1
st
angle system
3
rd
angle system
Orthographic views
1
st
angle system
3
rd
angle system
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Orthographic views
1
st
angle system 3
rd
angle system
Front View
Front View
Right Side View
Right Side View
Top View
Top View
First angle
system
Third angle
system
Projection symbols
prepare Orthographic views (First angle method)
for the parallel key from the isometric drawing as
below
Given Iso.
view
prepare Orthographic views (First angle method)
from the isometric drawing as below
Given Iso.
view
Orthographic
views
Given Iso.
view
prepare Orthographic views (First angle method)
from the isometric drawing as below