Design Concepts Of Water Systems

From River Withdrawal For Cooling

And DM Water Systems
Group 4 :

Hrishikesh pawale

Sravan Kumar Reddy.S

Saketh Reddy.K

Prakhar Prashant


Water
The purest available form is from water vapour in atmosphere, as rain,
snow or produced by melting of ice.

This water on reaching the ground absorbs different types of gases from
atmosphere like nitrogen, oxygen and to a lesser extent carbon dioxide.

Other gasses like ammonia, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur etc. ,also
dissolves during rain depending upon the pollution level of the
atmosphere.

Apart from this, the surface water travels to various places and
catches organic matter, suspended solids etc.



Sources Of Water
1. Rivers, lakes and reservoirs (surface drainage water)

2. Underground water (shallow well, deep well, springs)

3. Rain water

4. Sea water

5. Snow melting



Why Water???
Heat engines require cooling, to turn heat energy into mechanical energy
(and then, via a turbine-connected generator, to electrical energy).

This is an unavoidable physical principle, and is typically exploited via
the Carnot cycle.

Usually, this cooling requirement uses water.


Uses of Water in Thermal Plants
(a) Internal steam cycle: to create steam via the energy
source (fossil fuel combustion, fission chain reaction, heat
exchange with deep rocks [hot dry rock geothermal] or a heat
transfer fluid [concentrating solar power]) and convey it to an
electricity-generating turbine, and

(b) Cooling cycle: to cool and condense the after-turbine
steam (this condensation dramatically decreases the volume
of the expanded steam,creating a suction vacuum which
draws it through the turbine blades), and then to discharge
surplus heat to the environment.

Water Treatment In Power Plant
Pretreatment of raw water

Filter water for softening & DM plant

Ultra pure /demineralised water for boiler makeup/steam generation

Cooling water system.

Monitoring of steam/ water parameters & H.P./L.P. Dosingsystems


MAIN IMPURITIES IN WATER
1. Suspended (Macro size) -Sand, dirt, silt. This contributes turbidity
raw water.

2. Colloidal -Micro size particles(1-100nm)

3. Dissolved form -Alkaline salts and neutral salts, organic
matter, Alkaline salts are mainly bicarbonates rarely carbonates
and hydrates of calcium, magnesium and sodium.

4. Neutral salts are sulphates, chlorides, nitrates ofcalcium,
magnesium and sodium.

TYPES OF WATER IN THERMAL POWER
PLANT
Cooling water

Boiler water

Process water

Consumptive water


Water Quantity Requirements
The exact amount of cooling water required depends
on:

the energy source used,

cooling technology,

plant efficiency,

ambient temperature,

and relative humidity

Water Flow Diagram
CLARIFLO
CULATOR
GRAVITY
FILTER
U/G
STORAGE
TANK
BOILER
MAKE
UP
DM
PLANT
RAW
WATER
DRINKING
WATER
BCW
MAKE
UP
SOFTENING
PLANT

Water Withdrawal And Water
Consumption.
Depending on the cooling strategy employed, water that is withdrawn by
thermoelectric plants may be :

mostly evaporated, or

mostly returned to the water source.

In Once-through Cooling system, temperature rises of 10-15C might be expected
in the receiving water body which cause additional evaporation in the receiving
water body




Demineralization System
The process of demineralization water by ion exchange
comprises of:-
Conversion of salts to their corresponding acids by hydrogen cation
exchanger.

Removal of acids by anion exchangers.

The two exchangers are normally in series. Normally cation precedes
the anion exchanger.
For removal of Total Dissolved solids such as Ca,
Mg, Na,Cl,So4, Alkalinity, Silica etc.

Raw
Water
inlet
Pressure
filter
Weak
acid
cation
Strong
acid
cation
Degasser tower
Degasser
tank
Weak
base
anion
Strong
Base
anion
Mixed
Bed
DM Water
Storage tank
DM Water supply
to unit
Overview of DM Plant
References
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/catalogues/thermoele
ctric_cooling_water_20110429.pdf
http://www.indiacore.com/bulletin/papers-tpi2/s-k-sharma-
water-chemistry-in-thermal-power-plants.pdf
http://bravenewclimate.com/2009/11/20/tcase6/
http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/articles/thermal/min_of%20w
ater_coal_power.pdf