01 How does Computer

Execute a Program?
By
Darshit Shah
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
Index
System
Architecture of CPU
Basic Tasks Performed By CU
RAM
Types of RAM
ROM
Types of ROM
Motherboard
Components of Motherboard.
Exit

System
We are part of different Systems.
Every systems have few things in common.
Input
Process
Output
Example: Our Human Body
Input: Food
Process: at stomach
Output: Energy to Body/Blood/etc.

Computer System
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
KEYBOARD
C.P.U. MONITOR
C.P.U.
KEYBOARD
MONITOR
C.U.
A.L.U.
Cache
Memory
Primary Memory
ROM
RAM
Auxiliary Memory

Floppy Disks
Hard Disk
CD/Pen Drive
C.P.U.
KEYBOARD
MONITOR
C.U.
A.L.U.
Cache
Memory
Auxiliary Memory

Floppy Disks
Hard Disk
CD/Pen Drive
RAM
OS Programs
Program Area
INPUT A,B
C = A + B
PRINT C
Data Area
A B C

10 20 30
Basic Tasks Performed By CU
Fetch the instruction (from RAM)
Check for Errors:
Syntax Error: Grammatical Error
e.g. IPUT A,B
Semantic Error: Incomplete Statement
e.g. INPUT
Execute the Instruction(if no error found)

And Many More.
Cache Memory
Inside CPU
Works at the speed of CPU
And hence the fastest memory
CPU searches for the data in Cache Memory first. If
not found, then it will extract that data from RAM.
Two types of Cache Memory:
L1 Level 1within CPU. (Fixed)
L2 Level 2 On the Mother Board. (Size can
be increased or decreased)
In terms of Speed: L1 > L2 > RAM > Hard
Disk
In terms of Storage: L1 < L2 < RAM < Hard
Disk
ROM
It stands for Read Only Memory.
It is a non-volatile memory i.e. contents of ROM are
not lost even when we switch off the computer.
A backup UPS is not required.
The programs (micro codes) are written for once in
ROM during manufacturing.
These programs are not available to normal
programmers directly.
It is used to hold programs, which are needed
frequently e.g. Code Conversion, Character
Generation, Function Generation (sin(),
cos(),etc)etc.
Types of ROM: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

Types of ROM
PROM: It stands for Programmable Read Only Memory.
It can be programmed only once with a PROM-Writer,
thereafter it cant be altered.
EPROM: It stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory.
It can be electrically programmed multiple times.
Erasure is performed by exposing the chip to Ultra-Violet light
(Sunrays).
It is useful for experimental projects & prototypes in which the
data may have to be changed after the chips have been
programmed.
EEPROM: It stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory.
Now the data can be erased, and reprogrammed by applying
appropriate electrical charges.
It is useful for data that needs to be read frequently but
changed only occasionally, such as a price list stored in an
electronic cash register.

RAM
It stands for Random Access Memory.
It is a volatile memory i.e. the contents of RAM are
lost when the computers power is shut off.
A backup UPS is desirable in order not to lose the data.
It is constructed with Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor.
It retains the program & data that are currently being
executed.
It is called RAM because access time in RAM is
independent of the address of the word i.e. each
storage location inside the memory is as easy to reach
as any other location & it takes the same amount of
time.
Any Program that we want to run in a computer
must be loaded in the program area of RAM.
Types of RAM: Dynamic RAM, Static RAM.

Types of RAM
DRAM: It stands for Dynamic Random Access
Memory.
Each memory cell quickly loses its charge. So it
must be refreshed hundreds of times every
seconds to prevent data from being lost.
The computer does this refreshing process itself,
taking time out from other chores every few
milliseconds.
It will read all RAM memory positions while they are
still readable and put appropriate new charge on each
capacitor.
Some DRAM memory circuits include built-in
refresh circuit to relieve the computer.
It consumes lesser power than Static Ram.

Types of RAM
Static RAM: Static RAM is also faster,
larger & more expensive than DRAM.
It is Static because it doesnt need to be
continually refreshed.
It is used in a special area of memory
called a cache.


What is Motherboard?
It is the main circuit board on the
computer.
Motherboard acts as a direct channel for
the various components to interact &
communicate with each other.
If the CPU is compared to the human
brain, then the motherboard can be
compared to the nerve system.

Components of Motherboard
CPU - Through the use of Socket-7 or Slot-1.
Memory Chips (RAM, ROM, Cache, BIOS, CMOS etc).
Buses (wires connecting devices attached to the
motherboard)
Expansion Slots (where other expansion cards are
inserted. (SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)/DIMM (Dual
Inline Memory Module) Slots, PCI Slots, AGP Slots )
Power Supply Connectors.(SMPS)
Ports (Parallel, Serial)
Connectors (IDE-Integrated Drive Electronics for Hard disk
and floppy drive connectors)
USB (Universal Serial Bus), PS/2 (Personal System/2)
connectors