Considered as complex interacting traits.

Traits of individuals are characteristics such

as mental ability, mechanical aptitude or
talent, masculinity, introversion and
sociability.
Also called dimensions of personality because
they can be measured on a quantitative
continuum
They can be observed and tested objectively
or inferred from observable, measurable
behavior.
Personality asks Big questions
Who we are as people?
Why we are the way we are as
individual?
Can we change?

Clinical psychologists use the personal
interview and projective tests
Projective techniques employ the Rorschach Test
and Thematic Apperception Test.
The Kahn Test of Symbol Arrangement is used
to categorized mental patients.
Rating scales, behavior samples, self-
inventories and test like the Incomplete
sentences blank, the World Association Test,
the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Test and
the Bender-Gestalt Test are also used.
Projective techniques.
-assess personality by presenting ambiguous stimuli
and requiring a subject to respond, projecting his or
her personality into the responses.
-the least measuring devices that psychologists used
in an attempt to top elements of the unconscious
mind.
-It is the repository for events long forgotten which
are in the unconscious mind.


Rorschach Inkblot Test
-developed by Herman Rorschach, a Swiss
psychologist in the early 1920s. He experimented
with thousands of inkblots but settled for only 10.
-The ambiguous inkblots
-are perceived differently by different people, and
those perceptions are believed to be related to the
subjects' problems.
Hermann Rorschach created the
Rorschach inkblot test in 1921
-In this test, the person who is taking it is asked to
tell what these inkblots look like to him, what they
remind him or what they represent within this limit
wide latitude is provided as to the number manner,
location and content of the responses given.
PHASES IN INKBLOT TEST
-two phases are free association and the
inquiry.

-The first or free association phase of the test
administration is followed by more directed inquiry
during which the examiner attempts to ascertain the
areas and features of the blots which have given rise
to the responses elicited.
METHOD

The tester and subject typically sit next to each other at
a table, with the tester slightly behind the subject. This
is to facilitate a "relaxed but controlled
atmosphere".
There are ten official inkblots, each printed on a
separate white card, approximately 18x24 cm in size.
Five inkblots are of black ink, two are of black and red
ink and three are multicolored, on a white
background.


As the subject is examining the inkblots, the
psychologist writes down everything the subject
says or does, no matter how trivial.
Analysis of responses is recorded by the test
administrator using a tabulation and scoring
sheet and, if required, a separate location
chart.

EXAMPLE:

Test Results
Sickness Quotient: 78%
Your "Sickness Quotient" of 78% indicates therapy may be useful.

Detailed Diagnosis
-Interpersonal Insights
You have a positive attitude towards nearly everything, which is incredibly
stupid and very annoying to those around you. Your friends (both of them)
think you're a total clod. As long as you continue to buy the beer, however,
they'll still be your pals.
-Job Performance & Attitude
You have a deep love for your patients, which is unfortunate since you're a
veterinarian. You have little empathy for anyone more successful at work
than you, which is pretty much everyone.
-Personality Insight
Your personal motto is "I am unique, just like everybody else." This makes
everyone else happy, because they know there can't be two of you.


-the responses is scored in terms of location,
determinants, and the content.
-the interpreter pays attention to the emotional
tone of the responses, their organizational features,
their possible symbolic meaning, and many other
characteristics
-the test interpreter attempts to arrive at the
whole picture of the person in terms of the
unconscious.

When seeing card I,
subjects often inquire on
how they should proceed,
and questions on what they
are allowed to do with the
card (e.g. turning it) are not
very significant. Being the
first card, it can provide
clues about how subjects
tackle a new and stressful
task. It is not, however, a
card that is usually difficult
for the subject to handle,
having readily available
popular responses.
Below are the ten inkblots of the Rorschach test.
The red details
of card II are often
seen as blood, and
are the most
distinctive features.
Responses to them
can provide
indications about how
a subject is likely to
manage feelings of
anger or physical
harm. This card can
induce a variety of
sexual responses.
Card III is
typically perceived
to contain two
humans involved in
some interaction,
and may provide
information about
how the subject
relates with other
people (specifically,
response latency
may reveal
struggling social
interactions).
Card IV is notable for
its dark color and its shading
(posing difficulties for depressed
subjects), and is generally
perceived as a big and
sometimes threatening figure;
compounded with the common
impression of the subject being
in an inferior position ("looking
up") to it, this serves to elicit a
sense of authority. The human
or animal content seen in the
card is almost invariably
classified as male rather than
female, and the qualities
expressed by the subject may
indicate attitudes toward men
and authority. Because of this
Card IV is often called "The
Father Card".
Card V is an
easily elaborated card
that is not usually
perceived as
threatening, and
typically instigates a
"change of pace" in
the test, after the
previous more
challenging cards.
Containing few
features that generate
concerns or complicate
the elaboration, it is
the easiest blot to
generate a good
quality response
about.
Texture is
the dominant
characteristic
of card VI, which
often elicits
association related
to interpersonal
closeness; it is
specifically a "sex
card", its likely
sexual percepts
being reported more
frequently than in
any other card, even
though other cards
have a greater
variety of commonly
seen sexual contents
Card VII can
be associated with
femininity (the human
figures commonly seen
in it being described as
women or children),
and function as a
"mother card", where
difficulties in responding
may be related to
concerns with the
female figures in the
subject's life. The center
detail is relatively often
(though not popularly)
identified as a vagina,
which makes this card
also relate to feminine
sexuality in particular.
People express
relief about card VIII,
which lets them relax
and respond effectively.
Similar to card V, it
represents a "change of
pace"; however, the
card introduces new
elaboration difficulties,
being complex and the
first multi-colored card
in the set. Therefore,
people who find
processing complex
situations or emotional
stimuli distressing or
difficult may be
uncomfortable with this
card.
Characteristic
of card IX is indistinct
form and diffuse,
muted chromatic
features, creating a
general vagueness.
There is only one
popular response, and
it is the least frequent
of all cards. Having
difficulty with
processing this card
may indicate trouble
dealing with
unstructured data, but
aside from this there
are few particular
"pulls" typical of this
card.
Card X is
similar to card VIII,
but its uncertainty
and complexity are
reminiscent of card IX:
people who find it
difficult to deal with
many concurrent
stimuli may not
particularly like this
otherwise pleasant
card. Being the last
card, it may provide
an opportunity for
the subject to "sign
out" by indicating
what they feel their
situation is like, or
what they desire to
know.
or TAT, is a projective psychological test.
developed during the 1930s by the
American psychologist Henry A. Murray.
The TAT is popularly known as the picture
interpretation technique because it uses a
series of provocative yet ambiguous pictures
about which the subject is asked to tell
a story.
Look at the picture. Your task is to write a complete
story about the picture you see above. This should be
an imaginative story with a beginning, middle, and an
end. Try to portray who the people might be, what
they are feeling, thinking, and wishing. Try to tell
what led to the situation depicted in the picture and
how everything will turn out in the end.
Saul Rosenzweig became well known after
publishing a paper discussing 'common factors'
underlying competing approaches to
psychotherapy.
The Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Study is
usually considered a semi-projective technique
and involves an examinee responding verbally to
a semi-ambiguous picture scenario.
Each of the three forms (child, adolescent, and
adult) consists of 24 comic strip pictures that
portray a situation that might induce frustration.
The overall purpose of the study is to assess
how the examinee responds to frustration and
frustrating situations.
first developed by child neuro-
psychiatrist Lauretta Bender.
The test is used to evaluate "visual-motor
maturity", to screen for developmental disorders,
or to assess neurological function or brain
damage.
The original test consists of nine figures, each on
its own 3 5 card. The subject is shown each
figure and asked to copy it onto a piece of blank
paper. The test typically takes 710 minutes, after
which the results are scored based on accuracy
and other characteristics.

Read more: http://www.minddisorders.com/A-
Br/Bender-Gestalt-Test.html#b#ixzz2boZcrPEF
1. Philosophical approach
Is based on a broad view of human nature
as revealed by history, literature and
general observation.
Example: Study of Value Test, an inventory
devised to measure the relative
importance of 6 basic motives in an
individuals personality: theoretical,
economic, aesthetic, social, political and
religious.

2. Factor Analysis
Identifies a number of objectively measurable
dimensions
Two large groups of normal personality are
identified.
Hormetic traits
The direct motivational aspects of personality
and depend upon the physical needs of the
body and the kinds of experiences the
individual has had.
Temperament traits
Describe the manner in which the individual
characteristically operates in certain areas, just
as an aptitude tests tell how well one can be
expected to perform with proper motivation
and training.
A self-inventory device that shows factors of
temperament.
Measures 10 traits of personality:
ascendance, sociability, friendliness,
thoughtfulness, personal
relations, masculinity, objectivity, general
activity, restraint and emotional stability.
300 descriptive statements respond by yes or
no.
Involves systematic, detailed and
quantitative description of behavior of a
single, individual.
It is in depth analysis of an individual.
Focuses on the quantitative relationship
between two or more variables observed
under the same existing conditions.
This techniques is often more economical in
terms of time, effort and expense than
experimental research.
Show the direction and magnitude of a
relationship between variables, that is they
can tell us whether two variables are related
positively or negatively and to what degree.
Examines the quantitative relationship
between one or more conditions that are
systematically varied and are expected to
cause specific changes in peoples behavior.
The major advantage of this method is that it
can be used to determine definite cause and
effect relationship.
1. Laboratory experiments
2. Field experiments
3. Natural experiments

The subject is brought into a laboratory setting
and is subjected to conditions that are under the
experimenters control.
The subjects reaction to these conditions is
recorded.
It may be contrasted with the same persons
behavior under different conditions or with the
behavior of people who are brought into the
laboratory and subjected to a different set of
conditions.
It permit the greatest control over the situation
and are the easiest studies to replicate (the
easiest way for the researcher to carry out
exactly the same way)
Introduce a change in a setting familiar to
the subject, like the school or the home.
Example: researchers conducting a field
experiment might provide some preschool
children with a special cognitive enrichment
program and then compare these childrens
progress with that of children not included in
the program.
Compares people who have been accidentally divided
into separate groups by circumstances of life-one
group which was exposed to some naturally occurring
event and another group which was not.
Not true experiments, because they do not attempt
to manipulate behavior, but they provide a way of
studying events that cannot be created artificially.
Example: it would be unethically to separate
identical twins at birth to do an interesting
experiment; but if we discover identical twins who
did happen to be separated at birth and raised in
different circumstances, we can compare the effects
of different environments on people with the same
heredity.
A. Case Study
B. Naturalistic Observations
C. Clinical Studies
D. Interviews
E. Correlational Studies
Researchers observe and record peoples
behavior in real-life settings(such as
preschools or nursing homes)
Researchers used this to gain normative
information about the occurrence of certain
behaviors.
Example: time sampling, used to observed
the occurrence of a particular type of
behavior(such as aggression, babbling, or
crying) at intervals throughout a given period
of time.

Combines observation with flexible, individualized
questioning.
Differs from naturalistic observation in that the
subject is not necessarily in a natural setting, and in
that the researcher participates in the study
situation.
Piaget developed this method to find-out how
children think. He explored individual childrens
responses to his insight into the ways their minds
worked. He discovered that a typical 4-year old
believed that flowers or pennies were more
numerous when arranged in a line than when heaped
or piled up.
This open-ended method is quite different from
standardized testing techniques, which are intended
to make the testing situation as similar as possible
for all subjects.
Instead of being observed, people are asked
directly to state their attitudes and opinions
or to relate aspects of their life histories.
The problem relying on interviews alone for
information is that the memory and the
accuracy of the interviewers are often faulty.
General Psycholgy 5
th
edition. Josefina
Gaerlan, Delia Limpingco and Geraldine Tria ,
pp. 189-191
Human Growth Development and Learning.
Victorina O. Acero, Evelyn S. Javier and
Herminisa O. Castro, pp.5-11


ROWENA S. DIVINAGRACIA
MARYROSE ESPERANZA
BEED-IVA
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