Contents

2
The field of optics
Ray optics
Wave optics
Electromagnetic optics
Quantum optics
Ray optics is the limit of
wave optics when the
wavelength is very short.
3
Introduction to Photonics
1.1. Postulates of Ray Optics
Fermats Principle
BC
x d
AB
x
b x d
x d
a x
x
dx
b x d d
dx
a x d
dx
b x d d
dx
a x d
dx
dS
dx
dS
b x d a x BC AB S
b x d BC
a x AB

=
+

+
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
=
+ + + = + =
+ =
+ =
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
) (

) (
0
) (
0
) (
) (
'
' sin sin
' sin
sin
u u
u u
u
u
=
=

=
=
BC
x d
AB
x
Shortest path!
d
x
d - x
4
The path length of the ray (S)

,
1.1. Postulates of Ray Optics
Snells Law
2 2 1 1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
sin sin
sin
sin
u u
u
u
n n
n
n
v
v
d
d
=
= = =

S`
S
O
S
5
da
d
a = d - a
1.1. Postulates of Ray Optics
Exercise 1.1-1
6
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Mirrors
7
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Mirrors
0 1 2
2u u u = +
2
2
1
1 0
, ,
z
y
z
y
R
y
~ ~

~ u u u
R
y
z
y
z
y

~ +
2
2 1
f R z z
1 2 1 1
2 1
=

~ +
2 0 0 1
u u u u u u = + = +

8
[Conventions]

Concave surface: R < 0

Convex surface: R > 0

Upward ray: u > 0

Downward ray: u < 0

1.2. Simple Optical Components
Exercise 1.2-1
9
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Planar Boundaries
1
2
1
2 2 1
1 2
sin
2
sin sin
90
n
n
n n n
c
c
c

=
= =
= =
u
t
u
u u u
2 1
n n >
2 1
n n <
10
( )
1
2 45
c
n u > <
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Planar Boundaries - Prisms
3
2 3
1
3 2
1
1
1
1 1
1 2
1 1
1 2
2
( )
sin sin
sin ( sin )
sin { sin( )}
sin { (sin cos cos sin )}
sin { (sin 1 sin cos sin )}
1 1
sin { (sin 1 sin cos sin )}

u u o u
u u
u u
o u
o u o u
o u o u
o u o u

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
d
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n
( )
1 2
1
2
2 2
si

n (s
sin (sin sin cos sin )
( ) ,
in sin cos sin )
1 ( 1)
u u o o
o u o u
u o o u o u
u
o
u o

= +
=
~ + =
d
n
n
n
n
1 2
u o u =
u u
u
u
sin
1
sin
' sin
sin
1
1
n
n
n
n
=
= =
1
u
2
u
3
u
o
'
11
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Planar Boundaries - Prisms
12
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Planar Boundaries Beam Splitters
13
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Spherical Boundaries and Lenses
( )
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1
2 1
2
1 1
1
2 2
1 1
1
2 2
sin( ) sin( ( ))
( ) ( ( ))
1
1


n n
n n
n
n
n n
n n
n n y
n n R
u o o u
u o o u
u u o o
u o
u
+ =
+ ~
= +
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
o
o
R y
R y
~
= sin
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
1 2
1 2 2 1
1 2
( ) ( ( ))
( )
( )
n n
n n n n
n n n n
y y y
n n n n
z z R
n n n n
z z R
u o o u
u o o u
u u o
+ ~
+ = +
=
+ =

+ =
o
o
1
z
2
z
R
y
z
y
z
y
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
o o
u u
u u
tan
) tan(
tan
2
2 2
1
1 1
14
1 1
2 1
2 2
1
n n y
n n R
u u
| |
= +
|
\ .
1 2 2 1
1 2
n n n n
z z R

+ =
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Spherical Boundaries and Lenses
( )
( )
0.785, sin 0.707
4
0.314, sin 0.309
10
0.1745, sin 0.1736 Differenc
sin 1 0.1
e 0.51%
18




t
u u
t
u u
u
u u
t
u u
u
= ~ ~
= ~ ~
= ~ ~ <
~ <
15
Paraxial ray approximation
( )
( )
0.785, tan 1
4
0.314, tan 0.325
tan
10
0.1745, tan 0.1763 Difference 1.03%
1
1
8
0.1




t
u u
t
u u
t
u
u u u u
u
= ~ ~
= ~ ~
= ~ ~ <
~ <
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Spherical Boundaries and Lenses
1 1 1
3 1
2 2 1
1 1 2
3 2
2 2 2
1 (A)
1 (B)
n n y
n n R
n n y
n n R
u u
u u
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
16
2 3 1 2
2 3 1 2
1 1 1
3 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin( ) sin( ( ))
( ) ( )
( ) (1 )
(1 ) 1
n n
n n
n n n
n n n
n n y n n y
n n R n n R
u o o u
u o o u
u o u o u o
u u
+ = +
+ ~
= + = +
| | | |
~ + = +
| |

\ . \ .
2
2
2 2
1 2
1
1 1
1 1 2
1
1
2
2 1 2
( )( )
1 ( )
n
n y y
n R
n
n
R
n y y
n R R
u u
u
| |

|
\

=
=
3
u
2
u
o
R
1
u
3
u
2
u
y
1
y
2
A B
n
1
n
1
n
2
R
1
R
2
A thick lens
(Exercise 1.2-4)
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Spherical Boundaries and Lenses
17
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
2 1 2
1
1 1 2
1 2
1
1 2
1
2 1
2 1 2 1
2
1
1
2
1 2 2
1
1
1



1
1 1 1
ta
1
1
1 1
n & t n
1
a
1
n
R
n y y
n R R
y y n
R R
y
y y y y y
z z f z
R
y
f
n
f R R z z f
z
u
u
u
u u
u
u
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
| |
| |
=
| |
\ .
\ .
=

=
| |
= = =
|
+ =
\ .
| |

|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |

|
|
\ .
1 1 n
A thin lens
( )
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
y
f
z z f
n
f R R
u u
| |
=
|
| |
|
|
\

=
.
=
.
+
\
1 2
y y y = =
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Spherical Boundaries and Lenses
18
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 1 1 1
1 2
1 1
1
1
1 2
2
2
1

1 1
1
0
an
1
t
y
y y
f f f
n
y y
z
y y
z f f
y
R R
u u u u
u u
| |
=

= = =
+
= ~
| |

=
|

\
|
.
.
\
|
1
2
Minus sign means that a
focused image is inverted !
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1 2
1
2 1 2 2
1 2
2 2
2
1 2 1
2
1 1
0
ta
1
1
n

y y y
f f f
y y
z
y y y
z f
n
f R R
u u u u
u u
= = =
+
= ~
| |

| |
= =
|

\

\ .
.
|
|
1 2
( )
1 2 1
2
2
1 2 2
2 1
1
1 2 2
1
1
&
y y y y y y
z
y y
z
z f z f
z y
z y

=
=
=
=
A thin lens
Lens aberration

1. Non-paraboloidal surface
- Lens boundary: refraction angle
- Lens center: refraction angle

2. Chromatic dispersion
- Refractive index that is a function
of wavelength: n()
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Spherical Boundaries and Lenses
19
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Light Guides
1 2
n n <
20
1.2. Simple Optical Components
Exercise 1.2-5
21