Indian Institute of Technology

Hyderabad

A Project Report submitted
In ID1035 INDEPENDENT PROJECT


PROJECT CO-ORDINATER
Dr. Kiran K Khuchi

Solar energy has two other factors in the favor.

1. THE SOLAR OPTION
Solar energy is a very large, inexhaustible source of energy. The power
from the sun intercepted by the earth is approximately 1.8*10
11
MW,
which is many thousands of times larger than the present consumption
rate on the earth of all commercial energy sources.
Solar energy could supply all the present and future energy needs of the
world on a continuing basis. This makes it one of the most promising of
the unconventional energy sources.
Firstly, unlike fossil fuels and nuclear power, it is environmentally
clean source of energy.
Secondly, it is free and available in adequate quantities in almost
all parts of the world where people live. Also it has no heavy
mechanical section and is free from noise.
Problem with Solar
However, there are many problems
associated with its use, the main
problem is that it is dilute source of
energy. Even in the hottest regions
on the earth, the solar radiations flux
available rarely exceeds 1 KW/m,
which is a low value for technological
utilization.
Problem associated with the
use of solar energy is that its
availability varies widely with
time. The variation in
availability occurs daily
because of the day night
cycle and also seasonally
because of the earths orbit
around the sun.
To rectify these above problems the solar panel should be such that it
always receives maximum intensity of light. For existing solar
panels, which are without any control systems typical level of efficiency
varies from 10% to 4% - a level that should improve measurably if the
present interest continues.

2. OBJECTIVE :
The aim of our project is to utilize the maximum solar energy through
solar panel . For this a Digital based automatic sun tracking system is
proposed. This project helps the solar power generating equipment to
get the maximum sunlight automatically thereby increasing the
efficiency of the system. The solar panel tracks the sun from east to
west automatically for maximum intensity of light.
To fabricate a DC motor control interfaced with
driver circuit
The aim of our projects is to utilize the maximum solar energy
through solar panel. For this a digital based automatic sun tracking
system is proposed. This project helps the solar power generating
equipment to get the maximum sunlight automatically thereby
increasing the efficiency of the system. The solar panel tracks the
sun from east to west automatically for maximum intensity of light.
To fabricate a DC motor control interfaced with driver circuit.
To construct a model prototype solar cell movement system with a
mechanical assemble to move the panel from 180 E to W.
To design an electronic circuit to sense the intensity of light and to control
DC motor driver for the panel movement.
To construct an emergency light inverter circuit i.e. to operate tube light
with the help of charged battery from the solar panel
4.How the Track Rack follow the sun

1.Sunrise "Wake- Up
The Track Rack begins the
day facing west. As the
morning sun rises in the
east, it heats the unshaded
west-side canister with both.
2. Mid-Morning
The Track Rack moved by the shifting
weight of liquid flowing from one side
of the tracker to the other through a
copper tube that connects the east and
3. Mid-Afternoon
As the sun moves, the Track
Rack follows (at approximately
15
o
per hour, continually
seeking equilibrium as liquid
moves from one side of the
.
4. Sunset
The Track Rack completes its daily
cycle facing west. It remains in this
position overnight until it is
"awakened" by the rising sun the
following morning.
direct and reflected rays (from the inter surface
of the "shadow plate") forcing liquid into the
shaded east-side cannister.
tracker to the other.
west canisters .When one canister is exposed to the sun
more than the other, its vapor pressure increases, forcing
liquid to the cooler, shaded side.
AT89C4051
Microcontroller
LM324
Op-
Amp
IC
ULN2003

LDR
SENSOR
STEPPER
MOTOR
LM
324
A
T
8
9
C
2
0
5
1

1
2
3
4
1F
+5V
+5V
+5V
1K
1K
1
0
K

1
0
K

1
0
K

1
0
K

+5V
56K
33P
33P
12MHz
2
2
K

2
2
K

+12V
ULN
2003
7805
Voltage
Regulator
12V
Battery
-
1
2
3
8.Working with KEIL software
7.CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION
COMPONENT LIST
1. IC1 LM324
2. IC2 Microcontroller AT89C2051
3. Voltage Regulator 7805
4. IC3 ULN 2003
5. LDR1 & LDR2 Light Dependent Resistor
6. Oscillator Crystal Oscillator 12MHz
7. Resistors 1K(2);10K(4);56K(1);
8. Capacitors 1F(1);33P(2)
COMPONENT LIST
9. Variable Resistor 250K(2)
10. Battery 12V
11. Stepper Motor 1
12. LED 2 Red
Submitted by
Piyush Sharma[EE12B1024]
Ajay Dhakar[CE12B1001]
Mohit Chaudhary[CE12B1014]
Vikas Kumar Yadav[CH12B1027]
Rajkumar Meena[ME12B1029]

Thank You...