Radio & Access Technology

18
th
& 19
th
November 2013

Prepared & Presented by Ir. Senthilathiban Thevarasa
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Wireless Communication Basics
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Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the distant transfer of meaningful information from
one location (the sender, transmitter, or source) to a second location (the
receiver, or destination).
Wireless communication is the transfer of information without the use of
wires.
Radio ~ American version, Wireless ~ British version
A wireless communication link includes a transmitter, a receiver, and a
channel.

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Block Diagram Wireless Link
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Standards Organizations
Standards are documented agreements containing technical specifications
or other precise criteria to be used consistently as rules, guidelines, or
definitions of characteristics to ensure that the products, processes, and
services are fit for their purpose.
The broad goal of setting standards for the telecommunications industry is
connectivity, compatibility, and open networking of communications and
computer systems from multiple vendors.
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Wireless Communication Concepts
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Simplex, Half-duplex, & Full-duplex
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
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Analogue Signals
Analog signals are continuous electrical signals that vary in time.
An analog signal can be represented as a series of sine waves.
wavelength
1 cycle
Frequency: Is the rate of change, the signal undergoes every second, Hertz
(Hz) / cycles per seconds.
A cycle is 1 complete movement of the wave, from its original start position
back to the same point again.
The number of cycles / waves within one second time interval is called
cycles-per-seconds or Hertz.
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Digital Signals
Digital signals are represented as a sequence of discrete symbols from a
finite text and/or digits.
Digital signals consist of patterns of bits of information. These patterns can
be generated in many ways, each producing a specific code.
The rate & capacity of a digital signal is measured in bits per second
(bps).
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Connection-Oriented Communication
Connection-oriented describes a means of transmitting data in which the
devices at the end points use a preliminary protocol to establish an end-to-
end connection before any data is sent.
Connection-oriented protocol service is sometimes called a "reliable"
network service, because it guarantees that data will arrive in the proper
sequence.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection-oriented protocol.
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Connectionless-Oriented Communication
Connectionless describes communication between two network end points in
which a message can be sent from one end point to another without prior
arrangement.
The device at one end of the communication transmits data to the other,
without first ensuring that the recipient is available & ready to receive the data.
The device sending a message simply sends it addressed to the intended
recipient.
The Internet Protocol (IP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are
connectionless protocols
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Connection-Oriented vs. Connectionless
Communication
Connection
Oriented
Connectionless
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Circuit Switched Data Network
In a circuit-switched network, before communication can occur between
two devices, a circuit is established between them.
This is shown as a thick blue line for the conduit of data from Device A to
Device B, and a matching purple line from B back to A.
Once set up, all communication between these devices takes place over
this circuit, even though there are other possible ways that data could
conceivably be passed over the network of devices between them.
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Packet Switched Data Network
In a packet-switched network, no circuit is set up prior to sending data
between devices.
Blocks of data, even from the same file or communication, may take any
number of paths as it journeys from one device to another.
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Packet Switched vs. Circuit Switched
Data Network
Advantage Disadvantage
Circuit Switching 1. Ideal for real-time
applications such as
voice
1. Inefficient use of channel
capacity
2. Susceptible to
eavesdropping
3. Inappropriate for data
communication
Packet Switching 1. Efficient use of
network
Facilities.
2. Most appropriate for
data communication
1. Real-time applications
such as voice and video
conferencing may suffer
from poor quality of service
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Open System Interconnection Model (OSI)
Bits
Frames
Packets
Segments
Data
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Transmitting Media

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Transmission Media
In telecommunications, transmission is the process of sending, propagating
and receiving an analogue or digital information signal over a physical point-
to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium, either wired or
wireless.
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Transmission Media
Coaxial Cable
This design provides the coaxial cable with a special advantage; electrical
interference is reduced because the two conductors are shielded and
confined separately.
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Transmission Media
Twisted Pair Cable
Twisted pair cabling is made of pairs of conductors that are twisted
together, & most networks are connected with twisted pair cabling.
The twisting insures that the transmitted signals are protected from
electrical & magnetic interference.
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Transmission Media
Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber optic / ("optical fiber") refers to the medium & the technology
associated with the transmission of information as light impulses along a
strand of glass.
Fiber optics are tap proof, protected from interference, suitable for long
distance & have a high rate of transmission.
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Transmission Media
Satellites Systems
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Transmission Media
Microwave Radios
Microwave is a radio system, which uses very high frequencies to send &
receive data.
Stations are located about 30 Km apart & in line of sight (LOS).
Microwave systems have sufficient bandwidth capacity to support large
number of voice channels.
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Transmission Media
Infrared Communication
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Organizations of the Networks
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Local Area Network
A LAN supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close
proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home.
LAN network are limited spatially only a few kilometers & can transmit data
at high speed.
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LAN
Characteristics
A suite of application programs can be kept on the LAN server. Users who
need an application frequently can download it once & then run it from their
local hard disk.
Users can order printing & other services as needed through applications run
on the LAN server.
A user can share files with others at the LAN server; read & write access is
maintained by a LAN administrator.
A LAN server may also be used as a Web server if safeguards are taken to
secure internal applications & data from outside access.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
The WAN connects data processors with servers within one or several
countries, In contrast to a LAN, WAN uses public lines & facilities for data
transfer.
Its rate of transmission lies in the area of up to 2 Mbps. Using broadband
networks, rates up to 1 Gbps is possible.
WAN are always large networks. Usually works slower than LANs & normally
they belong to service providers, who sell their data services to end-users.
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WAN
Characteristics
A computer network that spans a relatively large geographical area.
Typically, a WAN consists of two or more local-area networks (LANs).
Computers connected to a wide-area network are often connected through
public networks, such as the telephone system. They can also be connected
through leased lines or satellites.
The largest WAN in existence is the Internet.
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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
A MAN is a special wide-area network, which is limited to an urban area or
to the area of a company. Mainly, it differs from WANs only in the rates of
transmission.
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Characteristics of LAN, MAN, & WAN
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Virtual Area Network (VPN)
A VPN is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure, such
as the Internet, to provide remote offices or individual users with secure
access to their organization's network.
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Radio Frequency Fundamentals
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RF Definition
Radio frequencies are high frequency alternating current (AC) signals that are
passed along a copper conductor and then radiated into the air via an antenna.
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RF Behaviors
Gain
The term used to describe an increase in an RF signal's amplitude.
Peak amplitude before Gain
Peak amplitude after Gain
Gain as seen by
an oscilloscope
Gain of DSSS as seen by
Spectrum analyzer
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RF Behaviors
Loss
Loss describes a decrease in signal strength
Peak amplitude after Loss
Peak amplitude before Loss
Gain as seen by
an oscilloscope
Gain of DSSS as seen by
Spectrum analyzer
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RF Behaviors
Reflection
Reflection occurs when a propagating electromagnetic wave impinges upon
an object that has very large dimensions when compared to the wavelength of
the propagating wave.
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RF Behaviors
Refraction
Refraction describes the bending of a radio wave as it passes through a
medium of different density.
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RF Behaviors
Diffraction
Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the transmitter and receiver
is obstructed by a surface that has sharp irregularities or an otherwise rough
surface.
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RF Behaviors
Scattering
Scattering occurs when the medium through which the wave travels consists
of objects with dimensions that are small compared to the wavelength of the
signal, and the number of obstacles per unit volume is large.
Incoming RF
Scattered RF
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RF Behaviors
Absorption
Absorption occurs when the RF signal strikes an object and is absorbed into
the material of the object in such a manner that it does not pass through,
reflect off, or bend around the object.
Incoming RF
Absorbed RF
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Principles of Antenna
Antennas convert electrical energy into RF waves in the case of a
transmitting antenna, or RF waves into electrical energy in the case of a
receiving antenna.
LOS ~ Line of Sight, apparently straight line from the object in sight (the
transmitter) to the observer's eye (the receiver).
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Principles of Antenna
Fresnel Zone
It defines an area around the LOS that can introduce RF signal interference
if blocked.
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Units of Measure
Watts (W) ~ One ampere (A) of current at one volt (V)

Miliwatt ~ 1/1000 watt

Decibels ~ Allow us to represent these numbers by making them more
manageable and understandable. Decibels are based on a logarithmic
relationship to the previously explained linear measurement of power: watts.

dBm ~ Converting mWto dBm: & Converting dBmto mW:

dBi ~ The unit of measurement dBirefers only to the gain of an antenna. The
dBimeasurement is used in RF calculations in the same manner as dB. Units of
dBiare relative.


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Cellular Technologies
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Radio/Cellular Concepts & Definition
Cellular systems offer location-independent voice communications:
~users can move freely while talking
~they can place calls at any time and any place
~they can be called everywhere
Early mobile radio systems - Cover a large area by using a single, high
powered transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall tower.
Replacing a single, high power transmitter (large cell) with many low power
transmitters (small cells).
Available channels can be reused as many times as necessary.
Key components that make up cellular systems;
~The cellular layout
~A network of radio base stations and antennas
~BSC which manage several BTS
~MSC, which gathers traffic from dozens of cells & pass it on to PSTN
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Radio/Cellular Concepts & Definition
Interference
Radio Interference is when co-channel, same channel, or and adjacent
channel degrades call quality.
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Radio/Cellular Concepts & Definition
Fading
Caused by interference between 2 or more versions of the transmitted
signals, which arrives at the receiver at different times.
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Radio/Cellular Concepts & Definition
Techniques to Reduce Interference
Equalization a method used to extract desired signals from unwanted
reflections

Frequency Hopping allows to change frequency alternatively

Interleaving & Channel Coding adds redundancy bits

Power Control

Timing Advance
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Wireless Standards
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Wireless Standards
Working Group/Organizations
Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group) - A volunteer-based organization
facilitated by members of various companies. Oversee a number of working
groups that focus on specific areas or wireless technology such as
qualifications, engineering & marketing.

The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) - an organization
that conducts extensive research in a broad spectrum of technologies.

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Forum -

WECA (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance)
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Wireless Standards
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1G Separate Frequencies
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2G - TDMA
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GSM
GSM is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication.
The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system, each
physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot
number.
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Basic Components of GSM
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GSM
Phase 2+
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GSM Architecture
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Connectivity
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NSS Network Switching Subsystem
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GSM-GPRS Architecture
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GSM
Mobile Station (MS)
2 different entities Mobile Equipment & SIM
Output power 2 W
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Is implemented as a smart card

Mobile Identification Numbers
International Mobile Equipment ID (IMEI) each MS is permanently stored
with a ID. Can be used to determine if a unit is stolen or faulty.
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) Is a dial able number that callers
use to reach mobile subscribers.
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Is a unique non-dial able
number allocated to each mobile subscriber in GSM system.
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Mobile Station
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Base Station Subsystem
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GSM Frequency Spectrum
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GSM Frequency Spectrum
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Frequency
Spectrum
Range (MHz) Uplink Frequency
Frequency
Point
Available
Downlink
Frequency
GSM 450
450.4~457.6
460.4~467.6
Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259) 259<=n<=293 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
GSM 480
478.8~486
488.8~496
Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) 306<=n<=340 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
GSM 850
824~849
869~894
Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) 128<=n<=251 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
E-GSM
900
880~915
925~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0<=n<=124
975<=n<=102
3
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
R-GSM
900
876~915
921~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2n
Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0<=n<=124
955<=n<=102
3
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
PCS 1900
1850~1910
1930~1990
Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-
512)

512<=n<=810

Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
GSM Frequency Spectrum
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Frequency Re-Use
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Frequency Re-Use
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Cell Types
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Digitizing &
Source Coding

Channel Coding

Interleaving

Ciphering

Burst Formatting

Modulation
Source De-
coding
Channel De-
coding

De-Interleaving


De-Ciphering

Burst Formatting

De-Modulation
Radio Channel
GSM Speech Transmission
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Physical & Logical Channels
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BCCH
CCCH
RACH
PCH & AGCH
DCCH ~ SDCCH & ACCH
GSM Control Channels
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GSM
Handovers
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GSM
Evolution
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WAP
Is a suite of communication protocols for the wireless & mobile devices
designed to access the internet independent of manufacturer, vendor, &
technology.
WAP bridges the gap between the mobile world & the Internet as well as
corporate intranets, & offers the ability to deliver an unlimited range of mobile
value-added services to subscribersindependent of their network, bearer, &
terminal.
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GPRS
Is a new non-voice, value added, high-speed, packet-switching technology,
for GSM networks.
It makes sending and receiving small bursts of data, such as email and web
browsing, as well as large volumes of data over a mobile telephone network
possible.
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Packet Control Unit
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EDGE
Is a radio based high-speed mobile data standard which acts as an
enhancement for GPRS networks.
EDGE (also known as EGPRS) is a superset to GPRS & can function on any
network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier implements the
necessary upgrades.
EDGE is a technology that gives GSM the capacity to handle services for the
third generation of mobile telephony. EDGE provides three times the data
capacity of GPRS.
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GPRS & EGPRS
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EDGE Upgrade
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OS
MMI
DB
Event/Alarm
Management
Security
Management
Configuration
Management
Performance
Management
Fault
Management
OAM Functional Architecture
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Migration to 3G
CDMA
GSM
TDMA
PHS
(IP-Based)
64 Kbps
GPRS
115 Kbps
CDMA 1xRTT
144 Kbps
EDGE
384 Kbps
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
Over 2.4 Mbps
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
Up to 2 Mbps
2G
2.5G
2.75G
3G
1992 - 2000+
2001+
2003+
1G
1984 - 1996+
2003 - 2004+
TACS
NMT
AMPS
GSM/
GPRS
(Overlay)
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
PDC
Analog Voice
Digital Voice
Packet Data
Intermediate
Multimedia
Multimedia
PHS

TD-SCDMA
2 Mbps?
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
(Overlay)
iDEN
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
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3G
1G - period began in the late 1970s & lasted through the 1980s. It transmit
only analog voice information. The most prominent systems AMPS, NMT, &
TACS.
2G - began in the 1990s, & much of this technology is still in use. The 2G
cell phone features digital voice encoding. Examples include CDMA, TDMA,
and GSM. Since its inception, 2G technology has steadily improved, with
increased bandwidth, packet routing, & the introduction of multimedia. The
present state of mobile wireless communications is often called 2.5G.
Characteristics of 3G
~ High spectral efficiency
~ Used world wide for all mobile applications
~ Packet switch & Circuit switch
~ Offers data rates up to 2Mbps
~ Improved mobility & coverage
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The Benefits of 3G
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UMTS
UMTS is envisioned as the successor to GSM. UMTS signals the move into the
third generation (3G) of mobile networks.
UMTS also addresses the growing demand of mobile an& Internet applications
for new capacity in the overcrowded mobile communications sky.
The new network increases transmission speed to 2 Mbps per mobile user &
establishes a global roaming standard.
UMTS, also referred to as wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA),
is one of the most significant advances in the evolution of telecommunications
into 3G networks.
Provides a vital link between todays multiple GSM systems & the ultimate
single worldwide standard for all mobile telecommunications, International
Mobile Telecommunications2000 (IMT2000).

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UMTS Network Architecture
Uu: UE to Node B (W-CDMA air interface)
Iu: RNC to Core Network (MSC & SGSN)
~ Iu CS
~ Iu - PS
Iub: RNC to Node B
Iur: RNC to RNC
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UTRAN
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RNC Functions
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Node B Overview
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UMTS User Equipment
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Classification of Handover in WCDMA
Handover in 3G / UMTS are similar to those in GSM

Inter-System Handover
~ Handover to GSM & vice versa

Inter-Frequency Handover
~ handover between WCDMA carriers on different frequencies

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UTRAN Handover
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Roadmap to 3G & Beyond
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3G LTE
LTE is a set of enhancements to the UMTS which will be introduced in 3rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 8. Much of 3GPP Release 8 will
focus on adopting 4G mobile communications technology, including an all-IP
flat networking architecture.
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LTE Characteristics
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LTE Network Architecture
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LTE Radio Techniques
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LTE Radio Techniques
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LTE Architecture
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LTE Path
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LTE Interface & Protocols
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LTE User Experience Drop Call
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Femto Cells
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Femto Architecture

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MIMO Technology for LTE
Multiple-input & Multiple-output, MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at
both the transmitter & receiver to improve communication performance.
It offers significant increases in data throughput & link range without
additional bandwidth, or transmit power.
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End of Presentation