KALAIVANI RAMACHANDRAN

012010090052
Thyroid & Tumors
Thyroid
Hormonal gland

Below Adams Apple

Produces T3, T4, and Calcitonin

Heart rate, metabolism, growth, blood
pressure

Feedback Mechanism
FREQUENCY
17,000 cases diagnosed annually.
Women 3 times more than men.
Peak incidence 30-40s.
Papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic, lymphoma, and sarcoma
Types
Papillary Carcinoma
80%
Follicular Carcinoma
15%
Medullary Carcinoma
3%
Anaplastic Carcinoma
Papillary thyroid cancer (75% to 85% of cases [6]) often in young females excellent prognosis. May occur in women with familial adenomatous polyposis and in patients with Cowden syndrome.
Follicular thyroid cancer (10% to 20% of cases [6]); occasionally seen in patients with Cowden syndrome
Medullary thyroid cancer (5%[6] to 8% of cases)- cancer of the parafollicular cells, often part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2.[7]
Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (Less than 5%[6]). It is not responsive to treatment and can cause pressure symptoms.
Others
Thyroid lymphoma
Squamous cell thyroid carcinoma
Sarcoma of thyroid
















-
Thyroid Malignancies
Tumor type Prevalence Age Distant
Metastases
Survival rate
(5yr)
Papillary thyroid
carcinoma
85-90% 20-50 5-7% >90%
Follicular thyroid
carcinoma
<10% 40-60 20% >90%
Poorly
differentiated
thyroid carcinoma
Rare-7% 50-60 30-80% 50%
Undifferentiated
thyroid carcinoma
2% 60-80 20-50% 1-17%
Medullary thyroid
carcinoma
3% 30-60 15% 30-80%
Nature Reviews. April 2006, p.292 306.
Etiology/Risk Factors
Arise from the two cell types in the gland.
Follicular cells make papillary, follicular, and anaplastic.
C-cells produce medullary.
Radiation exposure (papillary).
Populations with low dietary iodine have a higher proportion of follicular
and anaplastic cancers.
Risk Factors
Radiation
High dose x-rays or radioactive fallout
Family History
Goiters or Colon Growths
Mutated RET gene
Gender
Females
Iodine Levels
Seafood/Shellfish Consumption
Not all thyroid cancers produce symptoms. When symptoms do occur they may consist of:

lumps or nodules in front of the neck (single or multiple)
enlarged lymph nodes in the neck
problems with swallowing
hoarseness or voice changes
pain or discomfort in the neck
chronic cough
Investigations
Physical exam:lumps (nodules), checks neck and nearby lymph nodes for growths or swelling.
Blood tests: check for abnormal levels of (TSH) in the blood. Too much or too little TSH means the thyroid is not working well. If medullary thyroid cancer, check for a high level of calcitonin.
Ultrasound: make a pattern of echoes as they bounce off organs inside your neck. The picture can show thyroid nodules that are too small to be felt, to learn the size and shape of each nodule and whether the nodules are solid or filled with fluid. Nodules that are filled with fluid are usually not cancer. Nodules that are solid may be cancer.
Thyroid scan: swallow a small amount of a radioactive substance (such as radioactive iodine), and it travels through the bloodstream. Thyroid cells that absorb the radioactive substance can be seen on a scan. Nodules that take up more of the substance than the thyroid tissue around them are called hot nodules. Hot nodules are usually not cancer. Nodules that take up less substance than the thyroid tissue around them are called cold nodules. Cold nodules may be cancer.
Biopsy: A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose thyroid cancer, checks a sample of thyroid tissue for cancer cells using a microscope.


Hand Foot
Syndrome
Treatment
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radioactive Iodine Therapy
Thyroid Hormone Therapy
External Radiation Therapy
RS5444


REFERENCE
http://www.medicinenet.com/thyroid_cancer/page4.htm#thyroid_cancer_symptoM
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/rxhope-561111-who-classification-of-thyroid-tumors/
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