Thales

Matter:
water earth air
Leucippus (450 B.C.)
There must ultimately be tiny
particles of water that could not
be subdivided
Democritus 470 370 B.C.
- expanded Leucippus idea
- world made up of empty space and tiny
particles
atomos indivisible
- All forms of matter were divisible into invisible
particles called atoms
Empedocles (440 B.C.)
All matter was composed of four
elements:
Earth, air, water and fire
Heat, cold, moisture and dryness
ex: fire = hot and dry
water = cold and moist
air = hot and moist
earth = cold and dry
Endorsed and advanced the Empedoclean
theory.
Believed that matter was continuous and
was not made up of smaller particles
hyle
Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.)
He offered logical hypothesis about the
existence of atoms by studying certain
experimental observations made by
other scientists concerning chemical
reactions

JOHN DALTON
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
When a chemical change occurred
in a closed system, the mass of the
products after a chemical change
equals the mass of the reactants
before the change. In all tests, the
mass remained constant.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS OR MATTER
In ordinary chemical reactions, matter is neither
created nor destroyed.
Joseph Proust
Specific substances always contain elements
in the same ratio by mass
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
Amadeo Avogadro (1811)
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1823)
AVOGADROS LAW OF MOLAR VOLUMES
The ratio of masses of one element that combine
with a constant mass of another element can be
expressed in the ratio of small whole numbers
LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES
DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY
1. All matter is composed of
extremely small particles called
atoms.
2. Atoms of a given element are alike
in size, mass and other properties;
atoms of different elements differ
in size, mass and other properties.
3. Atoms cannot be subdivided,
created, or destroyed.
4. Chemical compounds are formed
when atoms of different elements
combine in simple, whole number
ratios.
5. In chemical reactions, atoms are
combined, separated or
rearranged.

MODERN MODIFICATIONS OF
DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY

1. Discovery of the sub-atomic
particles of atoms.
2. Discovery of radio-isotopes.
3. Nuclear reactions.
4. Unmodified.
5. Unmodified for simple
chemical reactions.
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can
exist either alone or in combination with other atoms.
Plum Pudding Model
Raisin Bread Model

Sir J.J. Thompson
Composed of a positively charged
cloud with the electrons distributed /
suspended

Ernest Rutherford British
physicist
Miniature Solar System with
electrons moving around like
planets around the nucleus

Neils Bohr Danish physicist

Postulated further that electrons
could only move in certain orbits
and has certain energies
Erwin Schrodinger Austrian physicist

Electrons are described not by the paths
they take but by the regions of space where
they are most likely to be found
Negative electrical charge (-1)
Mass 9.110 x 10
-24
g ; Mass in amu =
5.486 x 10
-4
amu
Discovered by Sir Joseph John Thompson
in 1897
Positive electrical charge (+1)
Mass 1.673 x 10
-24
g ; Mass in amu = 1.0073
amu
Discovered by Eugene Goldstein (German
physicist) in 1886
Bears no electrical charge; neutral n
o

Mass 1.675 x 10
-24
g ; Mass in amu =
1.0087 amu
Existence was first predicted by
Rutherford; First evidence of the particle
was obtained by Walter Bothe in 1930
and was finally discovered by James
Chadwick
Is a theory that describes mathematically the wave
properties of electrons and other very small particles
Erwin Schrodinger Schrodinger Wave Equation
-Incorporates both the wavelike and particle-like behavior
of the electrons moving around a nucleus
- opened a way of dealing with the sub-atomic particles -
QUANTUM MECHANICS the foundation for modern
quantum theory
1. Waves would fit into an atom only for certain energy
values. This accounts for the existence of energy levels.
2. Solving this equation leads to a series of mathematical
functions called wave functions
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
It is inherently impossible for us to know simultaneously
both the exact location and velocity of an electron in space
Since the wave function for an electron in an atom is so
important, it is given a special name ATOMIC ORBITAL
1) s orbital sharp - high probability
of being found right
at the nucleus
itself
- spherical cloud
2) p orbital principal - cloud with 2 lobes
on opposite sides
of the nucleus
- has 3 p-orbitals

3) d orbital diffuse - has 5 d-orbitals

4) f orbital fundamental - most complicated
boundary surface
- has 7 f-orbitals

Erwin Schrodinger found each atomic orbital can be
identified by four different numbers
-Are numbers used to identify electrons in the different
atomic orbitals
-specify the properties of atomic orbitals and their
electrons

1. Principal Quantum Number ( n )
- indicates the main energy levels surrounding a
nucleus; identifies the shell or energy level to which
the electron belongs
- values of n: 1,2,3 .
2. Orbital Momentum Quantum Number ( l )
- indicates the shape of an orbital; also the quantum
number that indicates the type of sub-shell (sub-
levels)
- s, p, d, and f
- widely known or called as the Azimuthal Quantum
Number
3. Magnetic Orbital Quantum Number (m
l
)
- quantum number that specifies the individual
orbital of a particular shape / sublevel
- s orbital sphere centered on the nucleus
- p orbital 3 orientations
4. Spin Magnetic Quantum Number ( m
s
)
- indicates the 2 possible states of the spin of an
electron in an orbital
- refers to the relative spin direction of the electron
+1/2 and -1/2
Is the arrangement of electrons in atoms
Also known as the Electron Distribution Mnemonics
GROUND STATE
EXCITED STATE
1. Aufbau Principle
An electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that
can receive it
2. Hunds Rule
When electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy
levels, an electron occupies each orbital before
there is any pairing
3. Paulis Exclusion Principle
No more than two electrons may occupy any given
orbital
1S 2S 3S 4S 5S 6S 7S
2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p
3d 4d 5d 6d 7d
4f 5f 6f 7f
S < 2
p < 6
d < 10
f < 14

Construct the electronic configuration of the following
elements, determine the number of energy levels with the
# of electrons per energy level and indicate the number of
valence electrons:
1. Cobalt = 27 6. Lead = 82
2. Gallium = 31 7. Tungsten = 74
3. Krypton = 36 8. Zirconium = 40
4. Bromine = 35
5. Antimony = 51