market- profi l e- characteri sti cs of a rural consumer Opportuni ti es and chal l enges from rural markets- fake encounters i n rural areas. . Rural marketing It is often said that markets are made, not found. This is especially true for the rural market of India Urban and rural market What differentiates the two markets is not mere income, but a host of other infrastructural and socio- cultural factors. Thus, the rural market cannot be tapped successfully with an urban marketing mindset and would definitely require the thorough understanding In India rural marketing has emerged as an important in marketing discipline Meaning of Rural Collins cobuild dictionary describes the word rural as places for away from towns or cities Sociology point of view rural is defined as a group of people who are traditionalists inout look, rooted in the land and who resist change.
The census of India defines rural as that what is not urban and urban is locations with in a municipality/ corporation other location that satisfy the following criteria 1.minimum population of 5,000 2. at least 75% of male workforce engaged in non- agricultural activities 3. a population density of over 400 person per sq.km.
Each experts comes with different definition Rural to Hindustan lever may not necessarily be rural to Philips or Electrolux or somebody else in terms of marketing and marketing communications LG electronics defines all cities other than the seven metros or rural/ semi-urban areas. Therefore, it various from company to company and is also based on the calculation of market potential valve (MPV)of a particular area. Rural marketing In simple words, is planning and implementation of marketing function for the rural areas. It is a two-way marketing process which encompasses the discharge of business activities that direct the flow of goods from urban to rural areas(for manufactured goods) and vice-versa (for agriculture produce) R.Marketing has also been defined as the process of developing, pricing, promoting, distributing rural specific goods and services leading to exchange between urban and rural markets, which satisfies consumer demand and also achieves organisational objectives (Iyer) Factors differentiating rural marketing from urban marketing Infrastructure availability :electricity supply, finance facility, education level, roads connectivity Income streams : in rural areas in is seasonal and highly unreliable, consumption pattern is quite different Life style: daily routine of consumers is different
Context : because of variation in infrastructure and income , an individual exists in rural areas is different Socio cultural back ground :value system, goods/services and consumption in general is quite different Accessibility : the cost and logistics is high Media reach and habits: different types of promotional strategy in these two markets.
Nature of competition : the nature and intensity of competition amongst the brands is very different in the two markets Consumer behaviour : the consumers response to marketing stimulate differs widely in two markets Rural India : A Brief profile Adi Godrej, chairman, Godrej group . the rural consumer is discerning and the rural market is vibrant. At the current rate of growth, it will soon outstrip the urban market. The rural market is no longer sleeping but we are
Cont.. Villages are the heart of India 75% of population lives in 6,38,365 villages 90% is concentrated in the village having population less than 2000 Rural segment comprises 13.5 crore households which constitute 72% of total households in India
But the rural market is not homogeneous across the country The consumer willingness to accept innovation also varies among the rural market A brief description of rural India Rural income distribution Magnitude of poverty in rural India Poverty alleviation programmes and rural development
Rural consumption Relationship between agriculture, rural income and consumption Literacy in rural india Electricity availability in rural india Electricity availability in rural india Development indicators in rural india A) Rural income distribution In generating more than half of the national income 55.6% contribution to the national income by 74.6 crore rural population But per capita income is low The annual household income for rural areas in 2002 was Rs 56,630 as compared to Rs 1,02,963 in urban area
Per capita income in rural and urban areas Different economic profile for different regions, districts and village There cannot be a single generalisation on the basis of income for the entire rural India The marketer has to segment this huge market according to his product profile and then select his target market. B) Magnitude of poverty in rural india Analyses the phenomenon of poverty and its spread in rural india Poverty is measured in terms of proportion of population living below the poverty line Poverty line is developed by putting a price on the minimum required consumption level of food, clothing, shelter, fuel and health care ICMR 1958
2,100 calories for urban areas Per capita monthly expenditure worked out to Rs 49.09 rural and Rs 56.64 for urban (1973- 74) As of december 2005, monthly family expenditure is Rs 1,840 for a family of five in rural areas and Rs 2,795 in urban areas 32.5 crore Indians lived below poverty line - 1/3 of the country population The percentage of BPL population varies significantly from one state to other (ex) orissa 48%, Punjab 6% Therefore formulating strategies for the rural market cannot be developed on the basis of all India figures Regional variations must be taken C) Poverty alleviation programmes These include gram sadak Yojna- providing urban amenities in rural areas National rural employment guarantee act Jawahar rozgar yozra schemes preference to SC and ST ,and 30% employment opportunities are reserved for women D)Rural consumption FMCG Rs 65,000 crore Per capita expenditure on education by urban households was 4,5 times by rural households Urban spend twice on health compare to rural Urban rental house five times more that rual area 42 million, rural, - 27 million, urban avail banking services
E) relationship between agriculture, rural income and consumption The agriculture sectors average annual growth fell to 1.94%, but the FMCG growth was around 12% Getting less depended on agriculture income Literacy in rural india The rural literacy level has improved in the recent past from 36% to 59% 55%reported at least secondary education Electricity availability---- Almost 56% had an electricity connection in 2005 90% of rural households in punjab and goa are electrified 25% jharkhand, 10.3% in Bihar
F) development indicators in rural india Bringing down the poverty level from 55% to 36% Ranked 138 th as per the human development report Number of Towns and Villages in India Item Year Number No. of towns 2001 5,161 No. of villages 2001 *640,000 Source: Census of India, 2001. Note: * Approximate Nature and characteri sti cs of the rural market 1) large and scattered market 75 crore rural consumers who live in approximately 6,38,365 villages 23% have population less than 200 21% have population between 200 and 500 So widely scattered- raise transportation costs, affects the viability of the distribution system
2) Heterogeneous market Not a homogeneous 24 languages and 1642 dialects- varies every 100 km Difficult to develop uniform message caste, community, tradition values (from state to state, region to region differ) Punjab Bihar(per capita income) 25,048 5466 562 332(1965) Variations in economic development and socio-cultural background influence Literacy rate in rural south India is higher than rural north Rural consumers in the south are more brand conscious So, variations in behaviour due to the consumer environment geographical, occupational
3) Income from agriculture 55% of rural income comes from the agriculture sector Hence rural prosperity is tied with agricultural prosperity Cont Recently- gradual reduction in the sole dependence on agriculture( other sectors plays significant role in the rural economy) 4) Standard of living Lower standard of living 70% rural population is employed in small scale agricultural and related occupation Seasonality As it is unreliability in income- rural consumers are extremely conscious in their purchase behaviour Low literacy, social backwardness, low savings 5) infrastructural facilities Road, warehouse, communication system and financial facilities are inadequate in rural area Roads donot connect nearly 50% villages in the country Inadequate infrastructure is single most important factor distinguishes urban and rural Promotion and physical distribution thus becomes very difficult
Life style of rural consumer Haryana that had tel evi si on( 53%) sets was more than the number of househol ds that had toi l ets( 44. 5) 1) rural consumer i s very rel i gi ous The promoti onal materi al bui l t around rel i gi ous themes i s not onl y goi ng to l ast l onger, but wi l l be kept wi th care by the vi l l ager Dabur devel oped rel i gi ous cal ender Rapi d success of the ganga brand toi l et soap ( contai ned mi l k and i t was made from the water of ganga) - the brand regi ster a good response Govi nda, a ci ne star famous for rural audi ence
2) rural consumers prefer to work hard themsel ves Woul d not l i ke to be repl aced by a machi ne They are l ess l i kel y to spend on products maki ng l i fe a bi t easi er
3) strong fami l y ti es and respect for fami l y val ues More conservati ve i n thei r approach toward the di fferent soci o, economi c i ssues The l oose, free fl owi ng hai r of a gi rl i n a shampoo or hai r oi l adverti sement may actual l y act as barri er i n the rural market. 4) likes to play cards and hangs out at choupal Whatever promotional message is delivered to the opinion leaders in a village, gets transmitted Love chatting with friends Word of mouth stories develop around easily and fast ITC which has created an e-choupal- using the internet to bring down any barrier with regard to technology Profile of rural consumer 1) traditional outlook Values old customs and tradition 2) perception and its influence In rural markets, colour, size and shapes are interpreted differently (ex) yellow colour indicate prosperity in the rural south, but it indicate sickness and disease in s The lower literacy levels in the rural markets increase the importance of visual influence 3) less exposure to marketing stimuli Low exposure to branded product Advertisement Source of information and learning Low convenient buying 4)conscious of value for money
5) realistic aspiration : he can reach out and stretch the budget but that is done with in limits only Dual uasge 15% of surf and 12% of ariel using families also use nirma detergent 18% of pantene using households also used clinc plus shampoo 6)concept of quality-values for long lasting solid), low cost maintenance 7)attitude towards prestige products Yet they are interested in products adding to his prestige but the price of a product justifies the value equation Challenges in rural marketing Rural markets remain untapped because of three Ds 1.distance 2.diversity 3.dispersion
The challenges are.. 1.distribution: the problems of physical distribution of channel mgt adversely affect the service as well as the cost aspect- it is not commensurate with the returns that the marketers expect.(poor infrastructure) Greatest challenges is reaching out to the remotest destinations and having a number of vendors at the retailing end. 2.understanding the psyche of the rural consumer Very distinct from one another Campaigns have to be tailor-made for each product category, each region, custom in region, language and dialects etc.. 3.limited knowledge Different research organisations are very different from one another Difficult to have limited knowledge 4. communication: comm..barrier due to language or icons used for advertising Different interpretation in rural market Dubbing not a right solution for rural audience The context, story line, narration, idiom, symbols, appeal need to examined while developing an advertisement Explain directly and clearly Urban symbolism,emotional appeal &indirect 5. cost per contact Compare the rural promotional cost with the urban - is the biggest challenge Renting a van per day cost Rs 3500 and there are 6 lakhs villages spending 500 dialects to cover One exposure may not be sufficient By simple calculation we can known that the total cost will be much more to reach the entire rural market. 6. sale of fakes and spurious product The retailer pushes imitation products as they get better margins (retailer) A research undertake by A.C. Neilsen reported that the sales value of the fake of P&Gs vicks brand were almost equal to the sale of the brand Seized products worth Rs 35 lakh Secondly , selling face goods in not a criminal offense in India and it is under civil law The only practical way to deal with fake is to improve the distribution and make the products available in as many places Original products imitation 1.pond polons 2.rin run 3.501 bar 509 bar 4. brooke bond paisa benson brand paisa 5. lifebuoy lifejoy, liteboy 7.budgetary allocation Corporate sector loves the rural markets, but when it comes to allocations, the amount of investment in rural marketing is very limited, observes R. Gopalakrishna executive director, Tata sons Ltd. Allocate at least respectable amount of the budget for research and promtion 8.urban orientation and bias Rural people are just like urban ones They too have the same needs, desires and aspirations Most of the marketer apply minor modifications (of the indian urban market) But, these paradigms (patterns) fail
9.lack of right competence and commitment at frontline level Most of the frontline staff is from the urban areas They are not very comfortable to travel and interact with the villager Solution is recruiting frontline staff from the rural parts of india Opportunities in rural markets As per I. Natarajan, chief economist The rural marketer has tremendous opportunity and he stated clearly that, it was not the buying power but the distribution , which was the biggest hindrance in realising the potential of the rural market 5 lakh ruraliter have gone abroad- sending remittances
HLL gets 50% of its sales turnover of RS 11,700 crores froms r.india LIC sells 50% of its policies in rural india FMCGs market worth Rs 64800 crore are selling in R.india Carbonated soft drinks worth Rs 1800 crore are selling in R.india Clearly states that rural market is not as poor as it is perceived 1.rising rural prosperity Monsoons were normal for 11 out of 13 years Major drought year was 1987-88 The ratio of rural per capita income to urban per capita income is increasing The rural consuming class is increasing by about 3-4% per annum The government also spends hundreds of thousands of crores of rupees in rural area Cont.
Rural Haryana had more super rich than not just the urban Haryana Rural Haryana- 482 Urban - 340 Bangalore - 137 Hyderabad - 226 (2001-2002) 2. lesser dependence on agriculture and monsoon There is a time when market predictions were made on the basis of the state of the monsoon Changed over the year, large non-farming sector-which generate almost 45% of the rural wealth Rakesh kalra, CEO Eicher moto Rakesh kalra, CEO Eicher motor agreed as long as the rain deficiency during monsoon is not more than 20% the long term average there is nt a significant negative impact on the commercial vehicle sales. 3. increasing rural consumption More than urban Sales of FMCGs is 53% Durable goods 59%
FMCGs RS 650000 crore out of a total market Rs 1,23,000 crore Just a 1% rise in rural incoem translates into Rs 10,000 crore of buying power Among the seven high consumption state punjab is the lead position Low expenditure- bihar, madhy pradesh, assam Average-karnataka, uttar pradesh, T.N, orissa Tax- exemption on rural income too has been enhanced rural purchasing power 4. rural marketing efforts Innovative models are being developed to take the products to the rural retailers shelves 5. increasing sale of branded product Branded goods comprise 65% of sales in villages today and share of non branded goods is shrinking dramatically
6. large popualtion The population is very large and its growth rate is also high C.K. Prahlad, the future lies with companies who see the poor as their customer There is an opportunity to make a lot of money in rural india. But, there are obstacle too i.e rural consumers is still evolving. Rural products Unit III Rural Buyer Behaviour: Rural buyer behaviour Factors determining rural consumption Rural buying process Current trends in rural buying behaviour.
Consumer behaviour Dynamic behaviour and the environment by which human beings conduct It can be understood, by the statistical report Continuous study should be there Knowledge of buyer behaviour is vital for marketing strategic Definition consumer behaviour Schiffman and kanuck the behaviour that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs. It is thus a study of how individuals make decisions to spend their available resources like time, money, effort- on consumption related items. Fundamentals of consumer behaviour Four types of buying behaviour, based on the following two parameter 1) degree of buyer involvement ( high and low) 2.degree of differences among brands (significance and non significance) High involvement Low involvement Significant differences among brands Complex buying behaviour (expensive, may difference in brands like computer, automobile) Variety seeking buying behaviour (less expensive and frequently purchased, experience size,smell, sound, touch, ice crea, confection) per yr India 6 brand, america -2 brand Few difference among brand Dissonance reducing behaviour(expensive, but few different like social products- furniture) Habitual buying behaviour(low cost, frequently purchased salt,soap,-exception in cigaretter- brand preference is more) On basis of the amount of time spent, purchase behaviour can be classifies Planned purchase behaviour Emergency purchase behaviour(to avoid stock-out) Impulse purchase behaviour(purchase spontaneously, taking decision on the spot) The consumer passes through a series of steps while purchase Step 1. need identification /problem awareness Step 2. information gathering Step 3. evaluation of alternative solution Step 4. selection of appropriate solution Step 5. post purchase evaluation of decision Postpurchase Behavior Purchase Evaluation of Alternatives Information Search Need Recognition
Cultural, Social, Individual and Psychological Factors affect all steps Post purchase behaviour ? Cognitive Dissonance ?
Did I make a good decision?
Did I buy the right product?
Did I get a good value? ? Sour Grapes a story of cognitive dissonance after being unable to reach the grapes the fox said, these grapes are probably sour, and if I had them I would not eat them. -- Aesop
Factors which influence rural consumers during purchase of a product Acceptance of washing machines and rejection of dish washers Acceptance of maggi noodle and rejection of kelloggs cornflake Can only understood in terms of consumer behaviour with regard to the positioning and marketing mix of the organisation 1.social cultural factors Influenced by social customs, traditions and beliefs Caste influences are direct and strong Conservative in their outlook, take a longer time to be influenced Discuss the issue of purchase- important and knowledgeable Rural youth are more open 2.group Consumers are part of a group to which they belong Opinion leader- a teacher, bank manager, vDO, etc The acceptability of an idea by the group and by the leader is critical in rural areas. 3.family Family size and the role played by family members (joint family) 4. Role and status Role refers to the behaviour expected of an individual Status refers to the respect given to the individual by the society Head master demonstration- opinion leaders can be useful in transforming the opinion of others 5. sociability In rural areas, individual are know and identified better Accepted by the group makes them agreeable 6.economic factors More than 70% of the people are in small- scale agricultural occupation These factors affect the purchase decision 7. political factors Programmes for self-employment like the prime ministers Rojgar Yojana (RMRY)of the cental govt. CMEY- chief minister employment yojana program in Andhra pradesh increase the potential of the rural market The IT, telecom and infrastructure policy, which is bringing connectivity to village is empowering the consumer 8. factors which influence the final choice Attitude of other Advice of the retailer Experience at the retail outlet Demonstration of product Unanticipated situational factors Mood swing Perceived risk examples Creating Rural-specifi c Messages Not all commercials are accepted by rural folk. Social workers recount stories of advertisements that confuse or scandalise rural viewers. For instance, members of some rural communities in Rajasthan were offended by the Halo shampoo spot, featuring female models with beautiful, bouncy hair. The reason was that here it is considered indecent for women to let down their hair in public. The same villagers were bemused by the Strepsils Bahut Mazaa aya advertisement. In their dialect, the word mazaa has a strong sexual connotation and they could not understand how anyone could get corporeal pleasure from a cough lozenge (Ghosh, 1994). Rural consumers increasing trend towards consumption Until 1980-81, per capita of india was just under RS 2000 but even then household saving rate was 18-20% A dramatic change is in progress- charcoal- cleaned teeth are a rare sight- use of twigs of neem and babool tree Household are upgrading from indigenous teeth cleaning ingredients to toothpowder and tooth paste Shifting from low priced brands to premium brands Today, the bright shine of colgate or some other international brand of tooth paste holds more appeal than the traditional methods of cleaning teeth At a seminar on rural marketing, organised in New Delhi , by the international development enterprise, the Indian rural tastes are changing fast, thereby reflecting a marked improvement in the purchasing power of village household
In 1990-1992 lowest end of rural market earned around Rs 14000 per year, today segments annual earning Rs 24,000 Rural buyers disenchantment with second hand item , thank to competition increasingly purchasing new product. Conclusion The size of the rural market is quantitative and qualitative Mr. kartik raina of dalmia consumer care- tobacco free beedi called vardaan the rural market in not for all, but for those with the guts, the skin of an elephant and the mind of an evangelist . Most successful brand Hero Honda is no more by khalid on 18/12/2010 in Bazaar Talk,Intresting News Hero Honda is the most successful brand name in India. It is the largest player in the market in two wheeler segment
Saluting the spirit of women empowerment Fair & Lovely Foundation offers honoured.
Saluting the spirit of women empowerment Fair & Lovely Foundation offers scholarships to 212 meritorious girls. Five women achievers honoured.
Unilever Sustainable Living Plan Unveiled We meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life.
HUL brands top India's Most Trusted Brand Survey 30-08-2010: Once again this year HUL brands have topped the Indias Most Trusted Brands Survey rankings. Six HUL brands (Lux, Lifebuoy, Clinic Plus, Pond's, Fair & Lovely and Pepsodent) feature in the top 10 and eight in the top 20.
Creating Space in the Village Shop(case) A study on the response of consumers to marketing efforts in villages around Jamshedpur was carried out. The Nirma vs Wheel drama was also enacted in these markets. Nirma created a position amongst the rural consumers with its media efforts as an effective cleaning product. The Wheel launch followed also with media support but was not perceived to be as effective in cleaning. Nirma was available from its distributor located in Jamshedpur unlike Wheel which pushed its brand into the interior markets. Consumer preference for Nirma was not supported with consistency in availability. The consumer switch to Wheel helped gain its share of the market. case Market Development Strategy of HLL In 1999, the soaps, detergents, and personal product segments of HLL owed their growth strategy to a strong rural thrust. HLL launched its Operation Bharat, a 20 million household national sampling exercise for its personal products portfolio. As part of the campaign, low priced sample packets of toothpastes, fairness creams, shampoos (Clinic Plus) and talcum powder (Ponds) were handed out to 20 million households. According to Dalip Sehgal, Head of Marketing (Personal Products) in HLL, The size of the pie will increase from the rural segment, not the urban segment. So the focus should be more on market development rather than market share at the moment (Zaheer, 1999). WALL PAINTING An Economical and best Media in Rural Marketing MOBILE VAN An Effective way of Communication
examples Behaviour Variations of Watch Buyers The demand for watches is high in rural areas and it increases during the marriage season. This is true throughout the country. The variation is, however, in the type of watch and brand that is preferred by the consumers. In the villages of the north, winding watches are preferred which are bought from large feeder villages nearby. They fi nd it convenient to get it serviced at a nearby place. The awareness of quartz brand of watch is limited. The awareness of a brand is usually from newspapers in addition to word of mouth. In the south, the preference is for a quartz watch and is purchased from a showroom in the town. In some of the villages, television has created a high degree of product awareness. As the purchase of quartz watches is expensive, the villager prefers to buy it from the town and is willing to take it back to the showroom in town in the event there is a problem with the watch. Occupation examples Strategy to Refl ect the Social-Cultural Infl uences on Behaviour In rural areas the houses are painted during festival season. The demand for distemper paints is therefore very large. This demand is met by local brands, which are of low quality. Asian Paints developed a product with bright colour shades (preferred by the rural consumers) for rural markets and which had greater durability than the local brands. It launched the product in a pouch form and with the brand name Utsav (meaning festival). Utsav was promoted as a good quality economy brand. It used wall paintings and point-of-purchase displays to create awareness. It identifi ed dealers and sub-dealers who had the potential to stock and sell Utsav. To demonstrate the quality of Utsav, the company painted the headmans house or post offi ce. The brand was well accepted by the rural consumer. The social-cultural infl uences on behaviour need understanding for developing an effective marketing strategy Unit IV Product and pricing for rural market:marketing mix for rural markets- developing a new product for rural market- product life cycle- innovations in product design rural market- branding products for rural markets price determination for rural market- pricing methods for rural market. Rural marketing mix Introduction Indepth understanding- rural life style, identify needs of rural consumers The success of a product like shampoo in the rural market acting upon the consumer insight- made cavinkares chik sampoo(market leader in a market which was not using shampoo at all) Marketing mix A series of interconnected and interdependent marketing issues that need to be considered together First developed by Neil Borden in 1950 1960s jerome Mccarthy (Harvard) elaborated the concept of the four Ps Marketing mix refers to the set of actions, tactics tools or variables that a company uses to promote and sell its brand or product in a market 4Ps of marketing Decisions about the controlled marketing variables 4Ps : product, price, promotion, and place (distribution) Several other Ps: Packaging, positioning, people, pace, passion, publics and even politics as well
Decisions be taken after assigning a value to each variable some variables could be 1.price- price level, credit terms, price changes and discounts 2. product features, packaging, quality and range 3. promotion: advertising, publicity, sales promotion and personal selling 4. place inventory, distribution channels and number of intermediats
By choosing the appropriate level , the right marketing mix can be developed The marketing tools and the possible variations are top end luxury model, medium range product and value for money low end product. 1)product anything that is capable of or can be offered to satisfy a need or want- include tangible and intangible service However, a product must deliver a minimum level of performance, otherwise even the best work on the other elements of marketing mix wont do any good in the long run 2)Price refers to the amount the customer has to pay inorder to acquire a product or service Cont Depended factors are: Cost of production Segment targeted Ability of the market to pay Demand and supply of competing products and substitutes Pricing objective of the firm Other direct and indirect factors 4 Cs of pricing (a)costumer value- value the customer perceives that the product delivers (b) competitors prices (c) cost to the company- combination of fixed and variable cost (d) strategic and pricing objectives of the company- the financial, marketing and strategic objectives that the organization has decided to achieve from a product. Pricing objectives To maximise long run profit To maximise short run profit To increase market share To match competitors prices To survive in the short run
case Typical Strategy in Rural Markets: Crane Supari Crane betel nut powder is a leading brand of betel nut powder in South India. It is known for its quality and has a very strong consumer loyalty. The packs are sold in convenient price slots of 50 paise, Re 1, Rs 2 and Rs 5. The pack sizes include, apart from very small packs, packs of 25 gms, 50 gms, 100 gms, 250 gms and half kg. There are six varieties of arecanut and brand building is through maintaining the taste. The product range includes both spicy and sweet supari. The channel includes distributors, sub-distributors, wholesalers and retailers. The distributors are reached through company vehicles within three days of the receipt of requisition along with a draft for advance payment. In the case of rural markets, the distribution is once a month through trucks that follow an itinerary. In the case of smaller and interior areas, transporters are used. In addition to this, the company provides van support to distributors for delivering to rural markets. The company makes available to the rural distributors small vans with the condition that they carry only the Crane brand. The days expenditure for the van is borne by the distributor who uses it. The media used in rural markets include cable television, stickers and danglers, painting the sides of buses, wall paintings and shop paintings. Mimicry and dance drama were used in the early Nineties, but no longer. Vans were used to create awareness and to provide brand knowledge in between songs that attracted attention. The vans were also painted with the brand message. This kind of promotion is no longer used as the company does not fi nd them effective. A large part of the promotion to rural areas today is through stalls in fairs followed by wall paintings. Other media are used but to a limited extent. The brand has a good image in the rural market but the presence of a large number of local and small brands competing on price restrict the market share. The rural market is large but because of price competition its major share is from the urban market. It is the leader in South India but its leadership is because of the urban market. Pricing process Step 1- developing the marketing strategy: performing the segmentation, targeting and positioning functions Step 2- making the marketing mix decision- determining the other 3 Ps:product, place and promotion Step 3 estimating the demand curve analysing how the demand is likely to vary with the price Step 4- calculating the cost determining the fixed and the variable cost likely to be associated Step 5 developing an understanding of the environmental factors- the competitive as well as the legal environment scenario Step 6 finalising the pricing objectives maximise long run profit, short run profit Step 7 determining the price selecting the price method, determine the margins and discounts Pricing methods A) cost plus pricing- organisations add certain profit margin over the cost of the product B) target return pricing targeted return on its investment C) value based pricing based on customers perception of value D) psychological pricing- already existing reference or psychological prices in the mind of customer Pricing through the product or service life cycle Place Refers to the point of sale The main aim of distribution or place strategy- catching the eye of the consumer and making it easy for to buy a product ideal balance between the cost to the organisation and consequent convenience to the customer In fact, the mantra of a successful retail business is location
Distribution Means ensuring the spread of the product throughout the market place in a manner ,so that a large number of people can buy it. Distribution channels Flow of products from the site of manufacture to the point of sale Conventional channel : factory- c&f- distributors- retailers(most common channel for the most goods)
Unconventional channels like- Internet portals or a network of salespersons Promotion to make the product or service known to and preferred amongst the user and trade. Advertising, word of mouth, press, incentives , commission, awards to the traders, consumer schemes, direct marketing, contest and prize mass media IMC integrated marketing communication promoting the companys goal to its target audiences Clearing and Forwarding Agent (C&F) The clearing and forwarding agent is the representative of the manufacturer. The C&F manages the company's warehouse and handles distribution on behalf of the company.
The goods that the C&F deals in is the property of the company he is representing. The C&F gets a small commission for his services. The C&F deals with the wholesalers - including the super-stockist, stockists and distributors.
examples Complex Communication as Barriers to Reception It is relevant to share our recent experience on a market survey on pesticides. Here we have a serious communication problem. Though there are local names of pests, but all the material released by all the pesticides companies mostly identify the pests by their English and academic nomenclature. There are generic names used for pesticides which again are in English. Some of these names are diffi cult to pronounce. For example, Monocrotophos, the brand name such as Nuvacron. The choice for the consumers increases in complexity because of additional dimensions. Additional dimensions are the manufacturers, formulation strength, product form and varying percentages of technical material content. Cont The entire exercise is so complicated that the marketing organisations are not able to effectively communicate with the farmer on the brand name of the pesticide for a given pest. The result is not only an improper and wrong selection of pesticide but also that the recommended dosages are not being used, and the farmer blames the pesticide and the manufacturer for the ineffective treatment. The fertiliser manufacturers have introduced simple symbols and brands like Star brand, Crescent brand, etc. Such sign language needs to be developed in case of pesticides also ( Jain, 1983). Signs and Symbols in Rural Markets A number of successful brands in rural markets have brand names or symbols with numbers or animals. These include 555 soap, Monkey brand toothpowder, Gemini Tea (with an elephant), Cheetah fi ght matches or Sheru (tiger) beedi and Tiger cigarettes. The association of symbols with these brands helps recollection. The 3-Roses brand of tea makes the rural consumer think and feel fresh. The symbol helps associate the product features with the brand of tea. The symbols that make the consumer feel and think about features that are relevant for the product are critical for brand building in the rural market (Krishnamurthy, 1999). Case Usha International Ltd. Usha International Limited (UIL) of the Siddharth Shriram group proposes to increase its focus on the rural market, which contributes 50 per cent of its total income. It plans to increase the penetration level of its fans in rural areas from the current 5 per cent by introducing fans (both ceiling and table) designed to function under severe conditions of voltage fl uctuations. They will be priced 30 per cent less than normal. It also plans to increase the penetration level of its sewing machines in rural areas from the current 11 per cent by introducing low cost models. UIL intends to route its products for the rural market through its diesel engine dealers, completing its strtategy to make use of product design and pricing decision to deliver value to the rural consumer Rural marketing mix Marketing mix conceptually remains valid for the rural market Every product and promotion, which is a hit in cities, might not work in rural areas It doesnt mean, Indian villages belongs to restricted zone They are different as consumers and hence, market differently Product Modified to suit the lifestyle and needs of the rural consumers Rural consumers like to buy products for need based consumption Recycling and putting a product to all possible practical uses before discarding While designing a product- consider reuse and recycle The product to be useful and easy to use Appear tough and rugged- outlook As less educated new technology acceptance is also less Cellular phone-washing machines not accepting Acceptance- solve their problems ,suits their culture and their pocket and worth the price Branding Making them change their product or brand is very difficult Higher brand loyalty among the villager Once a brand is accept(vill, state, region) very difficult to replace According to Harish Manawani ,the vice president HLL, international brands need to be relevant interms of perceived image, performance value if they are t succeed in the Indian market Packaging The decision of packaging is influenced by the characteristics of consumers i.e affordability, cultural preferences, usage conditions and ability to read Minimum quantity of the product for weaker section(financially poor) The problem of dust, heat or bumpy roads special stress on packaging Packaging size store- another problem for customer or retailer Colgate put a cap on the sachet for convenience of storage Attractive, decorative and synchronisation with local culture- should not be costly Writing products name in the local language- consumer awareness Colour and convenience of package are very important Illiterate not able to ask for a brand- advertised recognise the product by its packaging This is why (imitating the packaging ) is available in village shops SKU Stock keeping unit Organisations should maintain a smaller number of SKU for the rural market As the rural retailer has a limited working capital Product strategies In rural marketing 1) new/modified product designs A) research and marketing department think new design according to their (rural) life style B)rural environment- product tough- rough handling, rough roads and frequent power fluctuation C) nokias1100- customised model for rural D)dust resistant, small torch, economically etc. 2)sturdy product- sturdy enough to stand rough handling, transport and storage 3) utility oriented product- more concerned with the functional utility of the product than its appearance and sophistication 4)avoiding sophistication packaging 5) refill packs/ reusable packaging 6) application of value engineering- substituting the costly raw material with the cheaper one- cheaper but better quality 7)brand name- brand awareness in the rural areas is fairly high. The only issue is that the brands are known differently than they are known in the urban market (fake product) 8) small unit packaging Low per capita income single serve packets or sachets are enormously popular The use of 50 p or 7 ml sachets is declining in the rural areas by 10% Bigger packs for jam and milk powder are doing well even smaller is available
Price Price is the most important phenomena affecting rural market Little extra for better qualilty- cheaper version Some retailers in the interior villages charge more than the maximum retail price(mrp)-to fetch spend time and money from distributors
Prices of substitutes also must be studied along with the pricing of the competitors As coca cola found out that it was not just pepsi that they were competing with in the rural market, but also nimbu paani, jal jeera and others Pricing strategies As per capita income of india was low Extremely price sensitive (a)large volume- low margin : rapid or slow penetration strategy To focus on generating large volumes Not big profit margins
(b)over all efficiency and passing on benefits to consumer The strategy should be to cut down the production distribution and advertising cost Passing the benefits to the customers to further increase the turnover Observed that advertising has less to dowith product sales in the rural areas
low cost/value for money products The price can be kept low by smaller unit packaging (d) low volume low price strategy Reducing the package size- more affordable especially in finance (e) ensuring price compliance Rural retailers most of the time, charge more than the MRP Manufactures has to ensure price Place Third P Village as place for promotion, distribution- different form town or city general marketing theories cant be applied Reaching right place is the toughest part in todays market Because high distribution cost Most the rural retailers themselves go to the urban areas to procure these goods Significance of distribution The best product, price, promotion and people come to nothing if the product is not available for sale at the point Good distribution system- company has greater chance of sellling it s product more than its competitors In the FMCG industry in india companies have to distribute to over 10 lakh retail outlets or point of sale Now a days direct marketing through internet- feasible for the smaller villages
Place strategy (a) segmentation Examine the market potential of different villages and target the villages that can be served ina financially viable Not viable to contact and serve all the village (b)coverage of villages with 2,000 and above population Distribution network in about 55000 villages have population of 2000 person and above can cover about 25 crore rural consumers Good to begin with lesser populations distribution up to feeder markets/mandi towns The feeder markets and mandi town offer excellent scope for distribution The rural consumers visit these towns at regular intervals, not only for selling their agricultural product but also for purchase (d)joint distribution by non-competing companies As distribution vans can be unviable for a single company Different non- competing companies can come together to jointly operate distribution vans (e)direct contact with rural retail Along with the efforts of wholesalers and dealers, companies need to have direct points of contact, with retailers and sub- retailers (f) shandies/haats Held on a particular day of every week Distributors in the area can utilise mobile tractors to sell the products
(g) agricultural input dealers As per the essential commodities act,fertilizers should be made available to the farmers with ina range of 4 to 5 KM from their residence About 2 lakh fertilizer dealers in the country Both in coopertative and private sectors These outlets can be used to market (h) use of co operative societies At least one cooperative society of one form or the other, for every 1 or 2 villages (i)utilisation of public distribution system (j) multi-purpose distribution centers by petroleum companies The petroleum retail outlets now will be seen stocking some non-petroleum retail outlets now will be seen stocking (k) post and telegraph department (l) alternate retail /distribution channels Milk man, vegetable vendor, entry and exit point of village (m) personel selling network Residents of the village or community (n) e- marketing E-choupals, direct contact with the rural consumer Promotion As it is thin population- promotion aspect is challenge Media dark- inaccessible to television signals- not only denied to access to product but also knowledge about it. Problem in mass media communication- time gap between the point of exposure and the time of purchase The memorability of the message while it last till the time of purchase Survey 16%of rural and 25% of urban consumer felt that advertising influenced them to frequently or always to buy products they donot really need 19% rural and 30% urban advertisements are frequently misleading case Responses to Consumer Behaviour Hindustan Lever found that retailers in villages were cutting its large 100 gm Lifebuoy soap into smaller pieces and selling these. So it introduced a smaller 75 gm pack. It also introduced Wheel detergent in a 100 gm pack (Joshi, 1991). Media vehicles and rural market 1.mass media In rural market, 2 out of 5 indians are not reached by any media : tv, press, radio and cinema together (a) television Tv penetration in rural homes was about 26% in 2002 , 66% of urban area In 1993 it was 13% and 49% in urban area Although the number of television channels have increased from 6 channels in 1991 to 300 by the end of 2004 As of now doordarshan telecast network nearly covers the entire country 55% reach in 1997 DDs Since, one third of india is not covered by DD
(b) radio: primary source of entertainment in rural market listenership stands in the 20% range for both urban and rural 20% listenership is a good number in terms of popualation print media Literacy level is low in rural areas Through dailies, periodicals, pamphlets, booklets
But reading habit in the rural areas does not appear to be very good Reaches the rich families of the villages- so work of mouth Should not ignored because it reach the opinion leaders (d) cinema of rural adult population view cinema in the southern region so effective media (e)hoarding/ wall paints Walls of shops and other place are easily available Relatively longer span than other mass medis Unconventional media As media does not cover as much as 43% of rural india Events like fair, festivals, cinema van, shop front Stickers on hand pumps, wall of wells, putting on tin plates on all the trees, pond- innovative media used by HLL for lux, life boy and wheel Folk media quite popular in different regions and state High frequency Low frequency High reach Jeep, wall painting, bus stand , haat, hoarding Van based advertising , melas, direct to home, exhibitions/ created events Low reach Co operative notice, shop front painting, tin plating calender / label Tin plating trees / shop leaflets, posters and banners , danglers Promotion strategies 1.Think global act local Rural population is diverse But the commonalities of their ethos and simple living habits need to be understood for advertising to succeed( context, story line, language and idioms) 2. think in local idiom thanda matlab coca cola
3.simplicity and clarity 4.Narrative story style 5.Choice of brand ambassadors govinda in the mirinda ad boosted the sales of the drink in rural market. Additional Ps of rural marketing 1. passion it represents an attitude of three dimension a) passion to earn goodwill for the company b) passion to serve and educate the consumer c) passion to give 100% to the rural marketing effort. 2) pace (step by step) Rural market need to be launched into the heart of the customer Working capital and storing space donot allow rural retailer to store numerous brand He can sell whatever he is stocking Thus companies have to reach the retailer early
4 As of rural marketing mix 1. affordability : not cheaper product, designing products which match the needs of rural consumers, at a price that they feel 2. availability: lesser number of brands available at rural retail outlet Ensuring the reach of the products at the retailers shelf is one of the most critical function 3.awareness : they use unconventional media along with commercial media like TV , Radio Elements like colour, logo, slogan designed according to the rural consumer 4. Acceptability They must feel that the product serves its purpose, then they are ready to even spend extra for the product examples Oscar Televisions Offering to the Rural Markets the leading television brands. Arpita Khurana, the director of the Oscar television competed effectively in the rural markets against company expects a boom in the rural market with growth of nearly 80 per cent. Oscar television competes in the rural market by providing a no frill value for money product. For instance, Oscar, which derives 40 per cent of its sales from the semi-urban and rural sectors, has launched a battery-operated television model in the 14" segment to cater to parts of Eastern UP and Bihar. This has boosted the companys sales by 5 per cent to 7 per cent. It is planning to come out with a similar 21" model in the near future. Says Khurana, Since electricity is a problem in these areas, we felt the model would be a success. Source: (Ghosh and Verma, 2003). cases Product Design that Responds to Consumer Perceptions Union Carbide found that its slick plastic torches, which were all the rage in the metros, had no takers in the villages. Farmers preferred heavy brass torches. Says Union Carbide Managing director, V.P. Gokhale With brass torches, they feel they are getting value for money. Texla drew a blank with its television sets with grey and black cabinets as farmers did not prefer the somber urban shades. It introduced a new range in bright red and yellow, which was refl ected in a dramatically increased acceptance by rural markets (Das Gupta and Menon, 1990). Philips promotes the size of its music systems to rural consumers. Consumers are willing to pay a higher price for larger models assuming that big is better. The company now makes its rural models one and a half times larger and louder than the ones for urban markets (Mukherjee, 1993). New product development for the rural market Not invention- minor modification existing product Objectives 1.Satisfy customer demand 2.Competitors launch new product 3.Expand strategy 4.Changes in technology 5.Increase in sales and profit 6.Single product business vulnerable to multi product business 7.Maturing stages and decline stage
New product development process A) exploration stage: Ideas for new products is within a company itself 60% of industrial and 46% of consumer new product ideas came from the research staff engineers , sales people 30% of consumer product ideas came from the user Market feed back and research- key role to play Team - assimilate all new product ideas on a single format evaluation B) screening stage Elimination process- which carry unacceptable level of risk Vital criteria for evaluation 1) nature of demand 2) compatibility new idea matches with the corporate objectives, impact the existing product 3)resource what amount of money, tech, time 4) competition actual competition strength and weakness C) detailed value offering evaluation After screening only few are left for consideration Time for detail product specification need satisfying, simple and easy, convenient store, tough and solid appearance, affordable, rural product usage, environment Electroluxs bijlee refrigerator can store power for 12 hours as back up Urban imagery (feel and comfort)- Mahindras Maxx- styles and finish Chassis is designed to keep the mother board cool at tem 45deg c D) business alnalysis Likely cost? Potential demand? Recovered?. ROI? E) product development Approves particular product Executed in research lab stage concept on the paper is transformed in to a product in hand F) development of marketing mix Product : packaging, colour, logo and brand name taken at this stage sampoorna chosen as a brand name for televisions by LG, is a word from the four leading languages spoken in rural Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Bengali. Promotion : selecting media, punch line TATA ACE
Price : retail price, dealer and retailer margins are taken at this stage TATA ACE slightly higher price that three wheeler it enabled the customer to climb the ladder by paying a slightly higher price Place: TATA MOTORS conceived a concept called 1 st outlets for the distribution of ACE. 1 st retail out lets that handle only sales of ACE G) product Testing : 1) product testing : before it is formally launched in the market Intel took the personal computer designed for rural market Test in pilot project changes made accordance to it 2) concept testing : entire product concepts is presented to the customer to have their reaction it might be successful or not 3) test marketing done by selling the product in limited H) commercialisation or launch : New product is actually launched in its target market place : do some effort Promotion strategy TATA Ace road show, demonstrated test- drive, using the metaphor of an elephant baby elephant TATA TRUCK mother elephant Pricing strategy : tied up with auto financer in urban areas who offer five year financing for the vehicle (three wheelers get only two/three year financing Finance companies comfort level with salary slip than the agricultural income
Place strategy : nine state, 300 exclusive sales outlets across India, with in a range of 50 to 100 km from their village, tied up with local garages apart from its existing dealers, Training to the staff of these local garages Rural market and product life cycle The four stages of PLC Introduction, growth, maturity and decline This fact remains true for the rural market as well Introduction to decline varies from one product to another
PLC determined by the following factors market condition growth trends in buyers spending technological company policy Characteristics of different stages of PLC and marketing mix strategies Introduction stages: Growth , sales volume is low, Product awareness is limited Profit is unlikely Focus on to build awareness Establish distribution network Marketing strategies for introductory stage A)product strategies : small trial pack B)place strategies: encourage to stock the product, offer scheme C)promotion strategies : generate greater awareness, by educating and reaching the opinion leader, targeting the innovators As competition is less, highlight the benefit of the product concept D) pricing strategy : go for introductory price offer, Rapid or slow penetration can be taken on the basis of the resources. Growth stage Becomes aware of the product of its benefits Characteristics : rapid growth in sales and profit , economies of scales, lower prices are possible, the competitors move in the market So focus : To build brand preference, To increase market share Marketing strategies for growth stages A)product strategies : i) brand reinforcement educating the customer about benefits ii)modification or value addition in the product iii) making the product more relevant for the customer iv) launching medium packaging HLL created bubble packs shampoo- neither sachets nor bottle B) pricing strategies option to either maintain or lower the price even further economies of scale due to the significant increase in sale C)place strategies-strengthening relationship with distributor, deepening the penetration tapping some of the rural segment D)promotion strategies- increase in promotional budget, highlighting the quality or performance of the product
Maturity stage Competition becomes even more intense Most of the product remains in this stage globally for a considerably long time Characteristics of maturity stage Maximum sales and profit Intense competition Face tough competition - withdraw Focus : defending the market share, maximising the profit, tractors and chemical fertiliser- entered maturity stage like in punjab A) elongate the maturity stage : Imperative to sustain the customers interest So saves the product from entering into decline stage B) product strategies : by adding interesting features, Update the product Being decided to market its ketchup in different colour Organisation need to strengthen the perception that their product is better and different from others, so R and D to enhance features C) promotion strategies Appear novel in product promotion Brand repositioning add new market segments, promote how their offerings are different and better from competitors Promotion needs to be made broad based potential consumers due to their conservative attitude. D)place strategies : deepen the distribution network Incentives to channel partners E)price strategies Lowering prices Decline stage It is not possible to extend the maturity stage Tooth paste- maturity stage- but still they cannot be considered immune from declining stage Washing soaps taken oven by detergent Characteristics Sales drop, demand diminishes, market for product shrinks, inventories start piling up, profit decline Marketing strategies A)rejuvenate the product i) revive the product by additional features ii) harvest the product Sell their manufactured product at reduced prices Branding product for rural market Despite create an awareness of their goods and services still un tapped Lifebuoy- one of the first soaps with rural areas as the key target market- create brand loyalty Colgate, Bajaj, Tata adopts right set of brand building tools- for long term Brand Origin- Norwegian word- brandr- means to burn A brand is defined as a name , term, sign, symbol or special design or some combination of these elements that is intended to identify or differentiate the goods or service of one seller or a group of sellers (American Marketing Association) If Mercedes Benz is a brand name- the star is a brand mark. All trade marks are brands and include both the brand name and Pictorial designs- which are legally protected Exclusive rights to use brand granted by trademark law, unlike patents and copy rights which have expiry date Brand- attributes, value, personality, culture Brand is a complex symbol- not just a name- identity and builds a personality around itself. Branding process Branding is a process, a tool, a strategy and an orientation The process of creating a brand stem from research that starts with the concept of what the product is and what its functions and objectives are Brand building is usually a long, tedious and methodical work It is not static- continuous change in product appearance and performance Brands is some thing which is designed by the marketer, but which is built over time by the consumer
Brand loyalty the degree of consistency in buying particular brands as a function of cognition, emotion , satisfaction, commitment, habit and positive attitude towards brand Consumer loyalty refers to the unwillingness on part of consumer to switch over to the other products, brands, or stores Consumer loyalty is a board term encompassing brand loyalty and store loyalty. Factors determining brand loyalty
1. Emotion- emotional bond between the customer and the brand 2. Objectivity- people who constantly reassess their buying decisions on objective purchase parameters 3. Inertia rarely reassess their purchase decisions- out of involvement or high switching costs Satisfaction, customer relationship management- not only this Recency, frequency, and monetary value- regard as good measure of customer loyalty. Indian consumers tried on average 6.2 brands of the same packaged good product in one year, compared with 2.0 brands for American consumers. Benefits of brand loyalty for the organisation 1. Loyal customer are typically less price sensitive than other 2. Provides firms with a valuable time to respond to competitive action 3. Cost- attracting new customer six times higher than the cost of retaining current customer.
Significance of brands Market place teeming with thousands of product and servicing A brand differentiates a product from similar other products Worlds top three brand represent enormous capital value Value of coca- cola (Rs 3,17,400 crores) Microsoft 2,99,000 crores IBM- 2,43,800 crores, BMW- 64,400 crores Regional brands A regional brand is need specific and unique to a particular region However, should not be confused with a national brand Mass consumption product like tea, soap, detergent and dish washing powder have several regional brands with loyal customers. 555 and chhokra soap strong regional brands in punjab Arun ice cream of Hatsun foods- third of market share Reasons for the success of regional brands 1. Spread of cable and satellite television 2. Understanding of the need of regional consumers 3. Low overheads- regional brands can offer the promise of value because of their low overheads. 4. Legacy 5. Large regional markets- fairly homogeneous 6. One to one relationship with channel partners. The personal touch that the entrepreneurs are able to provide is something that the national level companies find it difficult to replicate. 7. Entrepreneurial spirit Because of small- take quick decision in any change in the consumer demand Regional brand: success stories Anchor toothpaste- vegetarian toothpaste Parakh foods- gemini oil- sunflower or Ghari Kanpur based detergent powder , no 3 just behind nirma and levers Regional brands : competitive response of national brands The national brands are not serious- to moves of the regional player But once reach threatening to the growth and market share of the national brand Price cut, promotional efforts and brand building initiatives Half of 2003 national brand surf, colgate, tide- battle with regional brands like Ghadi, Anchor, Ajanta etc, Most of the cases national brands managed to snatch market share from the regional brand One view is that the regional brand should not try to emulate national leaders Squeezed by large Indian companies on one side and cheap imports on the other, only a few regional brands make it big. Regional brands can not fight the battle with price alone- innovation, value system, faster response, entrepreneurial spirit, lean organisational, Rand D etc. Brand building in rural market Customisation Find out the needs, wants and aspirations of rural consumers by directing contacting them Reengineering the product- according to need of rural consumers Then the entire brand building efforts has to be built on the basis of their needs and aspiration Nokias 1100 promoted with caption of Made for India Relevance The brand name or the punch line is in vernacular language The same logic applies to the colour, logo and slogan Celebrity not only the brand awareness spread but it also has a good impact on over all sales volume growth. Media The media selected to promote the brand is very important As the conventional mass media may not prove to be very effective when used alone select other below the line media- live demonstration, contests Demonstration vans with audio visual equipments have deep rooted impact, than the short commercial on TV Haats can be an effective medium for rural marketing Message Message should meet the rural sensibilities With emotion touch and story line are most effective Commercials with gimmicky hi-tech story- not work well Rural consumers have strong visual sense. Recongnition Either does not understand english or even illiterate Cavinkare strategy 5 empty sachets of chic shampoo contest by the consumer conscious that he is buying only the chic shampoo Word of mouth publicity Target the right set of opinion leaders- develop the brand recall than the five or ten seconds commercial on the Tv The stories they hear from others are more believable for rural Crores of rupees invested in brand building efforts can go waste- if not available at the retailer shelf. Branding and rural buyer behaviour What is the response of rural consumer towards the brands? In eighteen product categories consumption of branded items accounted for about 80% of the sales in 2005 not only national brands also include regional and locally manaufactured
branded goods comprise 65% of sale in villages today and the share of non-branded goods is shrinking dramatically Sign that a market for premium goods is emerging 0.9% denum talc, 0.7% shampoo using pantene Rural consumers recognises Parles pack of biscuits by its yellow stripes and the baby Youth in the family buy national brands Senior members use regional or local or low value national brand Two different detergents, shampoo, tooth paste and talcum powder might be found in a single home Product innovation and design Product are classified in to 2 categories based on nature of innovation- original, novel product and imitation. Original, novel product An innovative firm will surely succeed However, it should be careful in making technical innovation . Ex tractors, pesticides, fertilizers Imitation Imitations may result in two types A poor imitator will end up in producing deceptive, spurious , fake, copycat products. On the other hand, a competent imitator may even produce an improved version of the original product Product design decision A product or a service is an offer made by a marketer, which has the ability to satisfy the needs and wants of customers It can be physical and tangible Service are intangible- soil testing, retailer advice, training. The key consideration in individual product/service offers is the development of the product at three levels 1. core product development 2. Tangible product development 3. Augmented product development
Core product A core product provides benefits that correspond to the need specified by consumers What are the needs of consumers? What kind of form and functional utilities are consumer demanding? A core product is one that provides important form utility and ensure performance of the basic function Can the tooth powder be used to keep the teeth clean? Tangible product The product concept becomes visible and operational when psychological needs are specified in physical terms A) quality durability, capacity, efficiency, economy, reliability B) features 1) rational problem solving- it is willingness to buy solutions that leads marketers to add features to the stripped down model 2) emotion fancy- the second type of features are those that capture the attention of the buyer . They are less funtional and more fanciful. C) design and style so as to produce an artistic unit with functional structure and attractive shape A designer has to give consideration to the functionality, aesthetics, ergonomics, convenience of operator, ease of repair, service and costs. D)packaging: packaging is the process of providing a container or wrapper for a product. packaging is done at three level 1.primary package it hold the product, for ex. Bottle 2. secondary it holds the primary package (ex) cardboard box 3. shipping package : (ex) corrugated box. E) branding it give products an identity- the brand is a name, term, sign, symbol, design or colour or a combination of them that helps identity the sellers product. Augmented product Marketers should have the vision to look at the specific needs of consumers and also their related requirement Augmentation requires fortifying the product strategy with additional force drawn from other Ps. as a result buying and using the product becomes a pleasant and exciting experience. Unit V Distribution trends 1. Emergence of new customer groups : more and more price conscious consumers are demanding the best value for the money they spend. They are now brand conscious and looking for exposure, explanation. 2. High media exposure: highly active media is both boon and bane for marketers. Brands can be build over night and can also demolishes. The penetration of Tv, DTH- highlighted 3. It revolution: ITC e- choupals, I-shakti of HUL, kisan kendras in addition to internet kiosks of entrepreneurs, have opened up new windows for information. Seeking villagers. 4. Consumer as seller a recent trend ushered in by HUL is the engagement of women in rural areas as channel participants. Earlier , Amway had introduced network marketing in which consumers acted as dealer. Distribution strategy Ensure constant availability of advertised products in the market In India what ever is available at the outlet, influenced largely by the retailers advice and recommendation Reaching to 6 lakh villages is a distribution nightmare Despite increasing in the number of consuming class- 68% of the rural market still lies untapped primarily due to inaccessibility.
Yet some regional brands like Ghari detergent, Anchor toothpaste and gemini oil have achieved rural reach from MNCs like HLL, colgate One should know the key challenges 1)large numbers of small markets 2) dispersed population 3) poor road 4) multiple tiers( intermediaries) 5) poor availability of suitable dealers 6) low density of shop 7) inadequate bank 8) poor storage system 9) poor visibility on rural shop shelves 10) poor communication poor reach of media. Channels of distribution Managing such a massive sales and distribution network is in itself a huge task. It is estimated that over a million market intermediaries wholesalers, stockists, transporters and retailers. Urban areas have a variety of distribution outlets, ranging from large supermarkets to smaller retail stores.
Small shop alone are the back bone of the local retail network There are 5 layers of distribution channels for the movement of products from the company depot to the interior village markets Layer channel location 1 company depot national/state level 2 distributor district 3 sub-distributor town 4 wholesaler large village 5 retailer village Most companies have direct representation up to level 3 in the form of sub- distributor To achieve an advantage in rural markets, marketers need to maximize direct flow and control of stocks from layer 3 to layer 5 The last layer is the most crucial as well as the most challenging- because existing distribution models fails to provide of products to the village. FMCG distribution has the maximum channel partners . In contrast, the durable goods channels has fewer partners Evolution of rural distribution system Historically, the rural distribution system has included wholesalers, retailers, mobile traders, vans and weekly haats Wholesaling : more than 70% of the rural market is still beyond the reach of direct distribution- due to low density- rural market were neglected, company distributors focused mainly on the large number of retailers in urban areas
Rural retail spread: rural india accounts for 65% of retail outlet in the country . Restricts the variety and range of the products stocked. Distributors can cover most of the larger 2000 and population villages numbering around 1,10,000 Retail premises: three out of four shops have less than 100 sq.ft area. Constraints (lack of sufficient space, inadequate power suppley, lack of proper storage system, ) Rural retail shelves: products are stocked in a cluttered and disorganized way. Slow- moving product covered with dust. Visibility of brands is very poor- due to the absence of proper rack and stand Stock turnover: the cash outlay of rural retail outlet is extremely low. So offer- combination of attractive margin, credit facility etc Van: is important place in the distribution and promotion of product. Eveready and JK dairy use vans for distribution. Rural mobile trades: the last mile distributors is an age-old, direct to home, unorganized distribution system in rural India Haats/shandies to play a vital role in the rural economy Public distribution system with a network of about 4.76 lakh FPS is perhaps the largest distribution network of its type in the world Co operative societies- the largest network of cooperative in the world consisting of more than 4 lakh cooperative . Emerging distribution models The SHG distribution model ( project shakthi), satellite distribution, syndicated distribution, the NYKS model, use of IT kiosks(e- choupal) PDS, cooperatives, petrol pumps, agricultural input dealers and other unconventional channels of distribution are recent initiatives . SHG 10-15 women , with over 10 lakh SHGs across India. The initiatives taken by HLL,TTK prestige and TVS mopeds Satellite distribution (the hub and spoke system-strong and viable model) Syndicated distribution- 2 or more companies come together to form a syndicated trading organization, to jointly distribute a collective group of household product in rural markets by sharing distribution cost (ex) P & G to sell with Ariel, tide etc, Cavinkare- Amrutanjan pain balm. NYKs haat distribution model: the Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan hires young people (18-35 ages) . Pay monthly stipend of Rs 2,000. assigned to 15-20 villages to organize awareness camps, cultural and sport events.