1

Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu

EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Oversampling ADC
Nyquist-Rate ADC
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
The black box version of the quantization process
Digitizes the input signal up to the Nyquist frequency (f
s
/2)
Minimum sampling frequency (f
s
) for a given input bandwidth
Each sample is digitized to the maximum resolution of the converter
A/D
b
n
Digital output Analog input
b
1
.
.
.
V
ref
f
s
Anti-Aliasing Filter (AAF)
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Input signal must be
band-limited prior to
sampling
Nyquist sampling places
stringent requirement on
the roll-off characteristic
of AAF
Often some oversampling
is employed to relax the
AAF design (better phase
response too)
Decimation filter (digital)
can be linear-phase
Mf
s
PSD
PSD
f
f
f
m
f
m
PSD
f
f
m
=f
s
/2
f
s
AAF
AAF DF
Oversampling ADC
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Sample rate is well beyond the signal bandwidth
Coarse quantization is combined with feedback to provide an accurate
estimate of the input signal on an average sense
Quantization error in the coarse digital output can be removed by the
digital decimation filter
The resolution/accuracy of oversampling converters is achieved in a
sequence of samples (average sense) rather than a single sample; the
usual concept of DNL and INL of Nyquist converters are not applicable
OSR
Decimation filter
b
n
b
1
.
.
.
A/D
Digital output Analog input
d
1
V
ref
f
s
Relaxed AAF Requirement
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Nyquist-rate converters
Oversampling converters
|X(jf)|
f
2f
s
3f
s
f
m
=f
s
/2 f
s
/2
|X(jf)|
f
f
m
|X(jf)|
f
2f
s
3f
s
Sub-sampling Band-pass oversampling
f
s
/2
|X(jf)|
f
OSR = f
s
/2f
m
Oversampling ADC
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Predictive type
Delta modulation
Noise-shaping type
Sigma-delta modulation
Multi-level (quantization) sigma-delta modulation
Multi-stage (cascaded) sigma-delta modulation (MASH)
Oversampling
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
PSD
f
-f
s
/2
A/D
b
n
b
1
.
.
.
M
Decimation filter
b
n
b
1
.
.
.
f
s
A/D
Mf
s
f
s
/2

2
/12
PSD
f
-Mf
s
/2 Mf
s
/2

2
/12
-f
s
/2 f
s
/2
Nyquist Oversampled
Sample rate

Noise power Power
Nyquist f
s

2
/12 P
Oversampled M*f
s
(
2
/12)/M M*P

OSR = M
Noise Shaping
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
PSD
f
-Mf
s
/2 Mf
s
/2 -f
s
/2 f
s
/2
Push noise out of signal band
Large gain @ LF, low gain @ HF
Integrator?

A/D H(f)
Mf
s
V
i
e
V
i
1 2
H(f)
1 2
e e
H(f)
f
Mf
s
/2 f
s
/2
1 H
-1
(f)
Sigma-Delta () Modulator
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
A/D

V
i
D/A
D
o

Noise shaping obtained with an integrator

Output subtracted from input to avoid integrator saturation
First-order
modulator
z
-1

A/D

V
i
D/A
D
o

Linearized Discrete-Time Model

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
H(z) X(z) Y(z)
E(z)
1
1
z 1
z
H(z)

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) z E z 1 z X z z Y
z E
z H 1
1
z X
z H 1
z H
z Y
z E z Y z X z H z Y
1 1
+ =

+
+
+
=
+ =

( )
( )
Delay z
z X
z Y
STF
: Function Transfer Signal
1
= =

( )
( )
HP z 1
z E
z Y
NTF
: Function Transfer Noise
1
= =

Caveat: E(z) may be correlated with X(z) not white!
First-Order Noise Shaping
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
PSD
f
f
s
/2 f
m
3

f
2f
12

df
f
f
2
2 f
1
12

df
f
f
2sin
2 f
1
12

df NTF
2 f
1
12

N
2
3
s
m
2
2
f
0 s s
2
2
f
0 s s
2
2
f
0 s
2
2
e
m
m
m

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
(

~
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
}
}
}
~
2 2
2
e
3
In - band quantization noise :

N
12 3M
Doubling OSR (M) increases SQNR by 9 dB (1.5 bit/oct)
2
s
f
f
2sin
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

SC Implementation
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
SC integrator
1-bit ADC simple, ZX detector
1-bit feedback DAC simple, inherently linear
C
I

2
V
i
D
o
+V
R 1-b
DAC
-V
R
C
S
Second-Order Modulator
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
INT1 INT2
A/D
D/A
D
o
z
-1
V
i
2
z
-1
2
z STF
: Function Transfer Signal

=
( )
2
1
z 1 NTF
: Function Transfer Noise

=
5
4 2
2
e
5M

12

N
: noise on quantizati band - In
~
Doubling OSR (M) increases SQNR by 15 dB (2.5 bit/oct)
2nd-Order Modulator (1-Bit Quantizer)
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Simple, stable, highly-linear
Insensitive to component mismatch
Less correlation b/t E(z) and X(z)
1-bit
A/D
1-bit
D/A
D
o
z
-1
V
i
z
-1

2
( ) ( )
( )
( ) z E
1 z
1 z
z X
1 z

z Y
2
2
2
+

+
+
=
jy
z-plane
0 1
x
(2) (2)
1
1
~
~
Generalization (L
th
-Order Noise Shaping)
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
( )
1 2L
2L 2
2
e
M 1 2L

12

N
: noise on quantizati band - In
+
+
~
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) z E z 1 z X z z Y
: function transfer Modulator
L
1 n
+ =
Doubling OSR (M) increases SQNR by (6L+3) dB, or (L+0.5) bit
Potential instability for 3rd- and higher-order single-loop modulators
( )
+
+
2L 1
2L
2L 1 M

vs. Nyquist ADCs

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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
ADC output (1-bit) Nyquist ADC output
ADC behaves quite differently from Nyquist converters
Digital codes only display an average impression of the input
INL, DNL, monotonicity, missing code, etc. do not directly apply in
converters use SNR, SNDR, SFDR instead
+1
-1
Tones
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
...
...
V
i
= 0
V
i
= 0.001
T
2000*T
The output spectrum corresponding to V
i
= 0 results in a tone at f
s
/2, and
will get eliminated by the decimation filter
The 2nd output not only has a tone at f
s
/2, but also a low-frequency tone
f
s
/2000 that cannot be eliminated by the decimation filter
Tones
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
Origin the quantization error spectrum of the low-resolution ADC
(1-bit in the previous example) in a modulator is NOT white, but
correlated with the input signal, especially for idle (DC) inputs.
(R. Gray, Spectral analysis of sigma-delta quantization noise)
Approaches to whitening the error spectrum
Dither high-frequency noise added in the loop to randomize the
quantization error. Drawback is that large dither consumes the input
dynamic range.
Multi-level quantization. Needs linear multi-level DAC.
High-order single-loop modulator. Potentially unstable.
Cascaded (MASH) modulator. Sensitive to mismatch.
Cascaded (MASH) Modulator
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
H(z) X(z) Y(z)
E(z)
D/A
A/D DNTF
E(z)
Idea: to further quantize E(z) and later subtract out in digital domain
The 2nd quantizer can be a modulator as well
2-1 Cascaded Modulator
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
INT1 INT2
z
-1
X(z)
2
z
-1
INT3
z
-1
(1-z
-1
)
2
D/A
D/A
E
1
(z)
E
2
(z)
z
-1
Y(z)
E
1
(z)
Y
1
(z)
Y
2
(z)
DNTF
2-1 Cascaded Modulator
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
1
2
1 2
1
z z E z 1 z X z z Y

+ =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) z E z 1 z X z
z E z 1 z E z 1 z z E z 1 z z X z
z Y z Y z Y
2
3
1 3
2
3
1
1
2
1 1
1
2
1 1 3
2 1


=
+ =
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
z 1 z E z 1 z E z z Y

+ =
E
1
(z) completely cancelled assuming perfect matching between the
modulator NTF (analog domain) and the DNTF (digital domain)
A 3rd-order noise shaping on E
2
(z) obtained
No potential instability problem
Integrator Noise
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
1
1
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
1
E z 1 E z 1 N z 1 N z 1 N X Y

+ + + + + =
INT1 INT2
H(z) X(z)
2
H(z)
INT3
H(z)
D/A
D/A
E
1
E
2
Y
1
(z)
Y
2
(z)
N
1
N
2
N
3
Delay ignored
INT1 dominates
the overall noise
Performance!
References
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Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
1. B. E. Boser and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1298-1308, issue 6, 1988.
2. B. H. Leung et al., JSSC, pp. 1351-1357, issue 6, 1988.
3. T. C. Leslie and B. Singh, ISCAS, 1990, pp. 372-375.
4. B. P. Brandt and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1746-1756, issue 12, 1991.
5. F. Chen and B. H. Leung, JSSC, pp. 453-460, issue 4, 1995.
6. R. T. Baird and T. S. Fiez, TCAS2, pp. 753-762, issue 12, 1995.
7. T. L. Brooks et al., JSSC, pp. 1896-1906, issue 12, 1997.
8. A. K. Ong and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1920-1934, issue 12, 1997.
9. S. A. Jantzi, K. W. Martin, and A.S. Sedra, JSSC, pp. 1935-1950, issue 12, 1997.
10. A. Yasuda, H. Tanimoto, and T. Iida, JSSC, pp. 1879-1886, issue 12, 1998.
11. A. R. Feldman, B. E. Boser, and P. R. Gray, JSSC, pp. 1462-1469, issue 10, 1998.
12. H. Tao and J. M. Khoury, JSSC, pp. 1741-1752, issue 12, 1999.
13. E. J. van der Zwan et al., JSSC, pp. 1810-1819, issue 12, 2000.
14. I. Fujimori et al., JSSC, pp. 1820-1828, issue 12, 2000.
15. Y. Geerts, M.S.J. Steyaert, W. Sansen, JSSC, pp. 1829-1840, issue 12, 2000.
References
24
Data Converters Oversampling ADC Professor Y. Chiu
EECT 7327 Fall 2012
16. T. Burger and Q. Huang, JSSC, pp. 1868-1878, issue 12, 2001.
17. K. Vleugels, S. Rabii, and B. A. Wooley, JSSC, pp. 1887-1899, issue 12, 2001.
18. S. K. Gupta and V. Fong, JSSC, pp. 1653-1661, issue 12, 2002.
19. R. Schreier et al., JSSC, pp. 1636-1644, issue 12, 2002.
20. J. Silva et al., CICC, 2002, pp. 183-190.
21. Y.-I. Park et al., CICC, 2003, pp. 115-118.
22. L. J. Breems et al., JSSC, pp. 2152-2160, issue 12, 2004.
23. R. Jiang and T. S. Fiez, JSSC, pp. 63-74, issue 12, 2004.
24. P. Balmelli and Q. Huang, JSSC, pp. 2161-2169, issue 12, 2004.
25. K. Y. Nam et al., CICC, 2004, pp. 515-518.
26. X. Wang et al., CICC, 2004, pp. 523-526.
27. A. Bosi et al., ISSCC, 2005, pp. 174-175.
28. N. Yaghini and D. Johns, ISSCC, 2005, pp. 502-503.
29. G. Mitteregger et al., JSSC, pp. 2641-2649, issue 12, 2006.
30. R. Schreier et al., JSSC, pp. 2632-2640, issue 12, 2006.