INTRODUCTION TO

LINEAR INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS
Digital Vs Analog
Digital signals can convey information with greater
noise immunity.
Digital signals can be processed by digital circuit
components, which are cheap and easily
produced in many components on a single chip.
Digital signals typically use less bandwidth.
Digital is more secure, It is also easier to translate
human audio and video signals and other
messages into machine language.
Enables transmission of signals over a long
distance.
Digital Vs Analog
But why Analog?
Everything we see hear and perceive in life is analog
e.g., voice, music, visual perception, seismic activity,
energy delivery etc.
As a result all electronic must interface with the world
via analog electronics.
Examples of the types of applications the field enjoys
range from biologically inspired (e.g., pacemakers,
nanotechnology products) and commercial products
(e.g., laptops , cellular phones, micro sensors) to
military(e.g., unmanned aerial vehicles, light weight
electronic equipment)
It is therefore impossible to imagine engineering real-
life solutions without the help and support of high
performance analog electronics.
Operational amplifier
In this subject the main components of linear IC
design are dealt.
The operational amplifier is one of the most useful
and important components of analog electronics.
They are widely used in popular electronics. It has
infinite open-loop gain.
Infinite input impedance Rin, and so zero input
current.
Zero input offset voltage.
Infinite voltage range available at the output.
Infinite bandwidth with zero phase shift and infinite
slew rate.

Operational amplifier
Due to its characteristics it is used to design
Filters
Amplifiers
Oscillators
Comparators
Integrators and differentiators
Opamp has three stages
A differential amplifier with high voltage gain
A single-pole low-pass filter frequency
An output buffer (unity gain).


Differential amplifier
Differential amplifiers offer many advantages for
manipulating differential signals.
They provide immunity to external noise; a 6-dB
increase in dynamic range, which is a clear advantage
for low-voltage systems and reduced second-order
harmonics.
They provide an easy means of anti alias filtering, and
a dedicated input easily sets the required common-
mode voltage.
These amplifiers are also well-suited for driving
differential transmission lines, and active termination
provides for increased efficiency. You can easily adapt
inverting-amplifier topologies to fully differential
amplifiers by implementing two symmetric feedback
paths.
555 timer
The 555 timer was created by Hans Camenzind (b. 1934) in
1970 while he was working for Signetics. The design process
took about a year. Designing the chip was all done by hand,
using rubylith which made the process take much longer than
by today's standards.
The 555 timer replaced 23 transistors, 15 resistors and 2
diodes and allowed manufacturers to use this problem
solving method much easier. Today with billions of the chips
in existence, it is one of the most widely used chips.
It is the gateway drug to the world of integrated circuits.
Frequently, the 555 is used in astable mode to generate a
continuous series of pulses, but you can also use the 555 to
make a one-shot or monostable circuit.
The 555 can source or sink 200 mA of output current, and is
capable of driving wide range of output devices.

PLL
A phase-locked loop (PLL) is an electronic circuit with a voltage- or
current-driven oscillator that is constantly adjusted to match
in phase (and thus lock on) the frequency of an input signal. In
addition to stabilizing a particular communications channel (keeping
it set to a particular frequency)
A PLL can be used to generate a signal, modulate or demodulate a
signal, reconstitute a signal with less noise, or multiply or divide a
frequency. PLLs are frequently used in wireless communication,
particularly where signals are carried using frequency modulation
(FM) or phase modulation (PM). PLLs can also be used in
amplitude modulation (AM).
PLLs are more commonly used for digital data transmission, but can
also be designed for analog information. Phase-locked loop devices
are more commonly manufactured as integrated circuits (ICs)
although discrete circuits are used for microwave.
Applications of PLL are frequency multiplication, frequency
translation, AM, FM & FSK demodulators

ADC and DAC
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) and Digital to
Analog Converter (DAC) are very important
components in electronic equipment.
Since most real world signals are analog, these two
converting interfaces are necessary to allow digital
electronic equipments to process the analog signals.
Take the audio signal processing, ADC converts the
analog signal collected by audio input equipment, such
as a microphone, into a digital signal that can be
processed by computer.
The computer may add sound effect such as echo and
adjust the tempo and pitch of the music. DAC converts
the processed digital signal back into the analog signal
that is used by audio output equipment such as a
speaker.

Types of DACs
weighted resistor DAC
R-2R ladder DAC
inverted R-2R DAC
IC 1408 DAC
Types of ADCs
parallel comparator type ADC
counter type ADC
successive approximation ADC
dual slope ADC
Modulators and multipliers
A modulator is a circuit with multiple inputs where
one input can modify or control the signal flow
from another input to the output
A multiplier has two analog inputs and an output
proportional to the product of the two amplitudes
Topics covered are
Four Quadrant multiplier
balanced modulator
IC1496,Applications of analog switches
Multiplexers
Sample & Hold amplifiers.

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