Chapter 8

Support & Movement

8. 1 Support Systems in
Animals
The support system of humans and land
vertebrates is an endoskeleton (internal skeleton)
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Support System In Humans
Human endoskeleton consists of 206 bones.
Spinal column consists of 33 small bones
(vertebrate)
The weight supported by pelvic girdle.
The functions of the endoskeleton is to :
1. Support the weight of the body
2. Give the body its structure and shape
3. Produce blood cells
4. Produce soft organs of the body such as the
heart and the kidneys
5. Acts as base for attachment of muscles
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Human skeleton
skull
humerus
Pelvic girdle
Femur
(thigh bone)
tibia
Pelvic girdle
ribs
Spinal column / spine
/ backbone
fibula
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Vertebrates
Land
Endoskeleton
1) Elephant
2) Frog
3) Cat
4) Dog
5) Rat
6) Eagle
Aquatic
Buoyancy
1) Whale
2) dolphin
3) shark
Invertebrate
Land
Hard
exoskeleton
1) Cockroach
2) Scorpion
3)Spider
4) Beetle
5) centipede
Hydrostatic
skeleton
1) Slug
2) Earthworm
3) caterpillar
Aquatic
Hard
exoskeleton
1) Prawn
2) crab
3) Cockle
Hydrostatic
skeleton
1) Starfish
2) Jellyfish
ANIMALS
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Vertebrates
Land
Endoskeleton
1) Elephant
2) Frog
3) Cat
4) Dog
5) Rat
6) Eagle
Aquatic
Buoyancy
1) Whale
2) dolphin
3) shark
Land Vertebrates
supported by endoskeletons
The land vertebrates endoskeleton :
1. Give them shape
2. Support their weight
3. Protect their soft tissues and
organs of the body
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Support System In Land Vertebrates
Pelvic girdle
Pectoral girdle
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Aquatic Vertebrates
supported by the buoyancy of water
Pectoral and pelvic girdles are very
small and weak.
because their body is supported by water so their bones do
not have to support all of their weight.
Why ?
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Aquatic vertebrates like the whale can grow
to enormous sizes.
Comparison of Land & Aquatic Vertebrates
SIMILARITIES LAND AQUATIC
Have endoskeleton
DIFFERENCES LAND AQUATIC
1) Supported by
2) Size of the pectoral
& pelvic girdles
3) Strength of the
pectoral & pelvic
girdles
8.1 The Support System In Animals


endoskeleton Buoyancy of water
large small
Very strong Very weak
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Support System In
Land Invertebrates
Land Invertebrates
Hard exoskeleton
1) Cockroach
2) Scorpion
3)Spider
4) Beetle
5) centipede
Hydrostatic skeleton
(Body fluids)
1) Slug
2) Earthworm
3) caterpillar
Some invertebrates have hard external structures for :
1. Maintaining their shape
2. Supporting their bodies
3. Protecting their internal body organs
4. Aiding movement
hard external structures are called exoskeletons
hard substance called chitin
External skeletal system (exoskeleton)
Land Invertebrates
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Invertebrates with soft bodies have body fluids to
provide them with shape and support
The body fluids exert a pressure on their body
walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton
The hydrostatic skeleton has the following
functions :
1. Provides support
2. Maintains body shape
3. Aids movement


Land Invertebrates
Hydrostatic skeletons (body fluids )
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Support System In
Aquatic Invertebrates
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Aquatic Invertebrates
Hard exoskeleton
1) Prawn
2) crab
3) Cockle /
clam
Hydrostatic skeleton
(Body fluids)
1) Starfish
2) Jellyfish
Hard exoskeletons
exoskeletons are very hard because contain
calcium:
Crabs, prawns, cockle, snail
External skeletal system (exoskeleton)
Aquatic Invertebrates
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Use the fluid pressure as support system.
The body fluids exert a pressure on their body
walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton.
Jellyfish
starfish



Aquatic Invertebrates
hydrostatic skeletons (Body fluids )
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Comparison of Land & Aquatic Invertebrates
SIMILARITIES LAND AQUATIC
Have endoskeleton
DIFFERENCES LAND AQUATIC
1) Supported by
8.1 The Support System In Animals


endoskeleton Buoyancy of water
ACTIVITY 8.1 : Support In Animals
Classify the animals given based on their methods of support.
Cat Cockroach Cow Eagle Whale Starfish
Shark Slug Scorpion Caterpillar Squid Spider
Ant Jellyfish Centipede Tapeworm Leech Snake
grasshopper frog Rat Dolphin Deer Earthworm
SUPPORT IN ANIMALS
VERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES
Endoskeletons Buoyancy of
Water
Exoskeletons Hydrostatic
skeletons
Buoyancy of
Water


Cat
Cow
Rat
Deer
Eagle
Snake
frog
Whale
Shark
Dolphin
Scorpion
Ant
Centipede
Grasshopper
Cockroach
Spider

Leech
Slug
Caterpillar
Tapeworm
earthworm
Squid
Starfish
jellyfish
8.2
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
Support System
in Plants
Support System
in Land Plants
Support System
in Aquatic Plants
8.2The Support System In Plants
Support System of Land plants
2 types :
8.1 The Support System In Animals
Land
plants
Woody
Woody tissues
supported by special structures such
as thorns, buttress roots or clasping
roots
Non-woody
(herbs)
Turgor pressre
Special structures
Various Support Systems Of Woody
Plants
Woody tissue Thorns
Woody tissues enables
the plants to grow tall
and erect in order to
obtain sunlight
Plants such as the rattan,
rose and bougainvillea
have thorns to help them
climb and obtain support
by clinging onto other
plants
Various Support Systems Of Woody
Plants
Buttress roots Clasping roots
Plants such as the
casuarina tree have
buttress roots to give
them additional support
Plants such as the money
plant have clasping roots
to help them climb on
other plants for support
and to obtain sunlight
Support System
In Herbaceous
Plants
Turgor Pressure
Special
Structures

Question:
Which of the following correctly shows the
support system of animals?

Grasshopper Earthworm
A Endoskeleton Hydrostatic skeleton
B Hydrostatic skeleton Exoskeleton
C Exoskeleton Hydrostatic skeleton
D Endoskeleton Exoskeleton