1

Fluids and Fluid Types

Copyright 2003 Schlumberger. Unpublished work. All rights reserved. This work contains confidential and proprietary trade secrets of Schlumberger and may
not be copied or stored in an informational retrieval system, transferred, used, distributed, translated or retransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, in whole or part, without the express written permission of the copyright owner.
2
Outline
Importance to Schlumberger
Types of reservoir fluids
Characteristics of reservoirs:
Initial production data
Laboratory analysis
Production history
3
Objectives
Describe the importance to you and Schlumberger
List the types of oil (5) and gas (3) reservoir
hydrocarbons
Describe bubble and dew points
Describe the approximate GOR and API gravity for
oil and gas
Describe the phase diagram for oil and gas wells

4
Importance to Schlumberger

Well logging
Well testing
Treatment design
Production prediction
5
The Five Reservoir Fluids
Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry
Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas
6
Phase Diagram of a Typical Black Oil
Black Oil
Critical
Point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
?
7
Phase Diagram of a Typical Volatile Oil
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature, F
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
2
1
3
Critical
point
8
Phase Diagram of a Typical Retrograde Gas
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
9
Phase Diagram of Typical Wet Gas
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
10
Phase Diagram of Typical Dry Gas
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
11
The Five
Reservoir
Fluids
Black Oil
Critical
point
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,

p
s
i
a

Separator
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dewpoint line
% Liquid
Temperature, F
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
Separator
% Liquid
Volatile oil
Pressure path
in reservoir
3
2
1
3
Critical
point
3
Separator
% Liquid
Pressure path
in reservoir
1
2
Retrograde gas
Critical
point P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Wet gas
Critical
point
Separator
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

Temperature
% Liquid
2
1
Pressure path
in reservoir
Dry gas
Separator
Retrograde Gas Wet Gas Dry Gas
Black Oil
Volatile Oil
12
Three Gases - What Are the
Differences?
Dry gas - gas at surface is same as gas in
reservoir
Wet gas - recombined surface gas and
condensate represents gas in reservoir
Retrograde gas - recombined surface gas
and condensate represents the gas in the
reservoir but not the total reservoir fluid
(retrograde condensate stays in reservoir)
13
Field Identification
Black
Oil
Volatile
Oil
Retrograde
Gas
Wet
Gas
Dry
Gas
Initial
Producing
Gas/Liquid
Ratio, scf/STB
<1750 1750 to
3200
> 3200 > 15,000* 100,000*
Initial Stock-
Tank Liquid
Gravity, API
< 45 > 40 > 40 Up to 70 No
Liquid
Color of Stock-
Tank Liquid
Dark Colored Lightly
Colored
Water
White
No
Liquid
*For Engineering Purposes
14
Laboratory
Analysis
Black
Oil
Volatile
Oil
Retrograde
Gas
Wet
Gas
Dry
Gas
Phase
Change in
Reservoir
Bubblepoint Bubblepoint Dewpoint No
Phase
Change
No
Phase
Change
Heptanes
Plus, Mole
Percent
> 20% 20 to 12.5 < 12.5 < 4* < 0.8*
Oil
Formation
Volume
Factor at
Bubblepoint
< 2.0 > 2.0 - - -
*For Engineering Purposes
15
0
50000
0 30
Heptanes plus in reservoir fluid, mole %
I
n
i
t
i
a
l

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g

g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

Dewpoint gas
Bubblepoint oil
Retrograde
gas
Volatile
oil
Wet
gas
Dry
gas
Black
oil
5000
16
Primary Production Trends
G
O
R

G
O
R

G
O
R

G
O
R

G
O
R

Time Time Time
Time Time Time Time Time
Time Time
No
liquid
No
liquid
Dry
Gas
Wet
Gas
Retrograde
Gas
Volatile
Oil
Black
Oil

A
P
I

A
P
I

A
P
I

A
P
I

A
P
I

17
Exercise 1

1. Black oil has a lower API gravity than volatile oil. T___ F___
2. A (wet, dry) gas exists solely as a gas in the reservoir throughout the
reduction in reservoir pressure.
3. The hydrocarbon mixture is solely gas in the reservoir and normal surface
separator conditions fall outside the phase envelope. (dry or wet gas).
4. (Dry, Wet, Retrograde) gas - gas at surface is same as gas in reservoir
5. (Dry, Wet, Retrograde) - recombined surface gas and condensate
represents gas in reservoir
6. (Dry, Wet, Retrograde) - recombined surface gas and condensate
represents the gas in the reservoir but not the total reservoir fluid (retrograde
condensate stays in reservoir)
7. >70 API gravity hydrocarbon is representative of (Black oil, Volatile oil, Wet
gas condensate).
8. Black oil has a (higher, lower) Heptane + value than volatile oil.
9. Black oil may contain paraffin and asphaltenes. T___ F___
10. What forms in retrograde gas at the dew point?



18
Exercise 2
Determine Reservoir Fluid Type
From Field Data
19
Plot of Exercise 2 Data
0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
50
51
52
53
54
55
60
59
58
57
56
100000
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
10000
20000
Months since start of 1967
P
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g


g
a
s
/
o
i
l

r
a
t
i
o
,

s
c
f
/
S
T
B

S
t
o
c
k
-
t
a
n
k

l
i
q
u
i
d

g
r
a
v
i
t
y
,

A
P
I

20
Exercise 3
Determine Reservoir Fluid Type
From Field Data