Keanekaragaman

Makhluk Hidup
Muhammad Abdullah
(Pokok Bahasan : Klasifikasi dan
Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan)
Classifying Organisms
The science of
classifying organisms is
called taxonomy
The father of modern
taxonomy was Carolus
Linnaeus (Carl von
Linn)
Organisms are grouped
into taxa based on their
similarities to each other
1707-1778
The Old System
5 Kingdom Classification System:
Monera: all prokaryotes
Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)
Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile
eukaryotes
Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile
eukaryotes
Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile
eukaryotes
6 Kingdom Proposal
6 Kingdom Classification System
Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria
(formerly in kingdom monera)
Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles
(formerly in kingdom monera)
Kingdom Protista (same)
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
3 Domain Proposal
3 Domain System:
Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles
Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria
Eukarya: eukaryotes
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Under Domain and Kingdom
Organisms are grouped into smaller and
smaller groups all the way down to their
species
A species is the most specific grouping
and includes only organisms that can
interbreed with each other and produce
fertile offspring
To remember the grouping order just
remember:
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Classification Taxa
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Together, these make up a species
scientific name
Example: Ursus americanus
Common Name: American Brown Bear
Note: Scientific names are always
written with the first letter of the
genus capitalized, the first letter
of the species lower-case, and
the whole thing underlined in
italics.
Domain Archaea
Formerly part of the kingdom monera
Microbiologists who study bacteria
determined that the DNA of these are
much different from other, true bacteria
Most Archaea live in extreme conditions
(very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)
Domain Eubacteria
Formerly a part of the kingdom monera
Name means true bacteria
These are the kind of bacteria likely to
make us sick, live in our gut to help us
digest food, or be used in the making of
cheese
Domain Eukarya
Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms
with a nucleus in their cells)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Kingdom Protista
Includes All Protists:
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)
Pseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia
Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)
Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms,
Green/Red/Brown Algae
Fungus-Like Protists
Examples: Water molds, slime molds
Kingdom Protista
Amoeba
Paramecium Giardia
Water Mold Slime Mold
Euglena
Dinoflagellates
Diatom
Brown Algae Green Algae
Kingdom Fungi
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic,
sessile organisms
Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts,
lichens
Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to
absorb more water and nutrients from the
soil
Kingdom Plantae
All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic,
sessile organisms
Produce their own food from sunlight and
carbon dioxide
Common Phyla:
Bryophyta (mosses)
Pteridophyta (ferns)
Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)
Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like
flowering plants
Kingdom Plantae
Bryophyte
(Moss)
Pteridophyte
(Fern)
Pteridophyte
(Fern)
Coniferophytes
(Pine Trees)
Angiosperm;
Dicot
Angiosperm;
Monocot
Kingdom Animalia
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile
(most) organisms
Common Phyla:
Porifera (sponges, corral)
Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)
Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms)
Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)
Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)
Annelida (segmented worms)
Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)
Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)
Chordata (those with spinal chords)
Human Classification
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapien
Some highlights of plant
evolution
BRIOPHYTES

Division BRYOPHYTES
Phylum Bryophyta:
mosses
Phylum Hepatophyta:
liverworts
Phylum Anthocerophyta:
hornworts
small <2 cm; largest 20cm
dominant gametophyte; dependant sporophyte
most lack cuticle and all lack vascular tissue
lack roots; have filament-like rhizoids

Polytrichum: moss
gametophyte
sporophyte
Conchocephalum: liverwort
gametophytes
Sphagnum, or peat moss
The life cycle of Polytrichum, a
moss
PTERIDOPHYTES
Ciri Umum
Akar Homorizi
Batang bercabang menggarpu atau kesamping
Pada batang terdapat daun yang tumbuh terus
Daun mikrofil, sporofil, tropofil
Akar dan batang sudah memiliki floem dan xilem
Sporangium, strobilus, sporokarp
Homospor atau isospor dan heterospor
Siklus hidup sporofit dan gametofit

Klasifikasi
BARU LAMA
Divisi Kelas Kelas Divisi
Psilophyta

1. Psilophytopsida
2. Psilotopsida
Psilophytinae Pteridophyta



Lycophyta

1. Eligulopsida
2. Ligulopsida
Lycopodinae
Arthrophyta

1. Sphenophylopsida
2. Calamopsida
Equisetinae
Filicophyta

1. Promofilicopsida
2. Eusporangiopsida
3. Protoleptosporangiopsida
4. Leptosporangiopsida
Filicinae
Daur Hidup
Paku homospor
Phylum Sphenophyta
Phylum Psilophyta
Phylum Lycophyta
Tree-like relatives
Dominated
Carboniferous ~350-
300 mya
Lycopodium
Paku Heterospor
Selaginella
Selaginella:
bspike moss
Phylum Lycophyta
Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production
Distribusi dan habitat
Distribusi terbatas dan sangat luas
Habitat
1. Paku-pakuan terestrial di kawasan terdedah
2. Paku-pakuan terestrial di kawasanm terlindungi
3. Paku-pakuan memanjat
4. Paku-pakuan epifit
5. Paku-pakuan bebatuan dan di pinggiran sungai
6. Paku-pakuan aquatik
Divisions of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms
Naked seeds
Seeds are exposed to the environment
Produced on the surface of the sporophyte
rather than within tissues
Primarily trees and shrubs
Gametophyte develops within structures of
the sporophyte


Exposed seeds verse Enclosed
seeds
Phylum Pinophyta
Conifers, Evergreens or Cone bearing plants
Pine, Cedar, Junipers, Furs, & Redwoods
Conifers
Needle-like leaves in clusters from 2-7
Resin canals aromatic, antispectic
Xylem mainly tracheids
The seed-bearing sporophylls (sporophyte) are
spirally arranged in the strobili (cone)
Wind pollinated and distributed
Phylum Cycadophyta
Female cone
Seeds
Phylum Pinophyta Pinus
Phylum Pinophyta Pinus
Male cones (pollen
cones)
Arranged in sprial or
whorl s around an axis
Produced in spring
Develop at tips of
branches in clusters
Pinus Development of Pollen grains
Male cones
Microsporangia develop in pairs
Microsprocytes undergoes meiosis 4
haploid microspores
Microspores develop into pollen grains
Pollen grains have 4 cells and air sacs
50 pollen cones yield 1 million pollen grains
Phylum Pinophyta Pinus
Pollen Grains
Microsporangiamicrosporocytesmicrosporespollen grains
Phylum Pinophyta Pinus
Female cones (seed
cones)
Develop the underside
of branches near the
trunk
Takes 3 years to
mature

Pinus Development of Seeds
Female cones
Megaspore mother cell located in ovules 4
megaspores
Megasporangium has nutritive nucleus
surrounded by Integument (seed coat)
All but 1 megaspore degenerate
Remaining megaspore into female
gametophyte
2-6 archegonium develop each with 1 egg

Pinus Development of Pollen
grains
First growing season
Cone is small and green
Pollination occurs (transfer of pollen to the female)
Second growing season
Cone is green and hard
Pollen tube forms
At the end of 2
nd
season Fertilization occurs
Union of sperm and egg
Third growing season
Cone is brown
Development of seeds
Dispersal of seeds
Phylum Pinophyta Pinus
Megaspore mother cell4 megasporesFertilization zygoteembryoseed
Ovule
Female gametophyte
Life Cycle of Pinus
Conifers that dont produce woody seed cones
Yew California nutmeg
Phylum Ginkgophyta
Ginkgo biloba
A. Maidenhair tree
Leaves veins are
dichotomously
branched

B. Seeds


C. Male strobili
A.
C.
B.
Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)
Phylum Gnetophyta
Male strobili
Female strobilus
Uses of Gymnosperms
1. Resins
2. Lumber
3. Paper and paper
products
4. Pencils
5. Food for animals and
man
Chemical to tan leather

Divisions of Seed Plants
Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)
The Flowering Plants, Angiosperms
1. Double fertilization
2. Produces triploid
endosperm

Female sac
(megagametophyte) has 8
nuclei:
antipodals (3)
polar (2)
synergids (2), egg (n)
Fertilization:
sperm nuclei (n) + synergid (n)
--> embryo (2n)
sperm nuclei (n ) + 2 polar
nuclei (n, n) --> Endosperm
(3n)






Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)
The Flowering Plants, Angiosperms
Flower structure:
gynecium
Androecium
petals
sepals
receptacle

complete
perfect

monoecious
dioecious

Angiosperm Life Cycle
Class:Magnoliopsida (dicots)
vs.
Class: Liliopsida (monocots)
Dicots (Eudicots):
1. Taproot
2. Branching veins
3. Flower parts 2s, 5s
4. 2 cotyledons (or more)
5. Vascular bundles
arranged in a circular pattern
in the stem
Monocots:
1. Only adventitious roots
2. Parallel veins
3. Flower parts 3s
4. One cotyledon
5. Scattered vascular bundles
in the stem
Root Morphology
Taproot vs. Fibrous Root Sustems
Angiosperm Seeds
Vegetative Reproduction
new plant from a vegetative structure
Stolons - runners

Rhizomes -

Corms -

Tubers -

bulbs -

Tip Layering

suckers -



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