MD ZEESHAN

3VY13CCT12
The building structure once built is subjected to weathering
actions and structural loadings due to which it looses its
serviceability.
Deterioration to building is not uncommon in India and also
anywhere in the world.
Deterioration of building takes place due to improper repair
and maintainance.
Factors like:
Environmental pollution, thermal stresses, chemical and
biological effects lower the life of structure and its
durability.

The important factor influencing the building deterioration
specially in India is lack of maintainance culture.
Economic considerations and time constraints have made it
compulsory to go for repair and rehabilitation of the damaged
building structures rather than their total replacement.
Thus the repair materials are intended to protect and maintain
the original form and serviceability of buildings for longer
periods.
Proper repair materials at proper time brings maximum
economic benefit by optimizing the serviceable life of the
building structure.

The repair materials for cement concrete/mortar shall be easy
to apply and require no attention after the application of repair
materials to repair.
The essential parameters for selection of repair materials are
as follows:
Low shrinkage properties
Setting and hardening properties
Workability
Good bond strength with existing substrate
Compatible coefficient of thermal expansion
Compatible mechanical and strength properties than
substrate
Should allow relative movements particularly in case of
sealing of cracks and dealing with expansion joints
Minimum or no curing requirement
Alkaline character
Low air and water permeability
Aesthetics to match with surroundings
Cost
Durable, non degradable or non biodegradable
Non hazardous and non polluting.
The basic construction materials like cement, sand, aggregate,
steel, bricks, concrete/mortar, timber, paints can all be used as
a repair materials.
Following are the types of repair materials depending upon
requirements, properties and use are as follows:
Anti corrosion coatings
Adhesives/Bonding aids
Repair mortars
Curing compounds
Joints Sealants
Grouts
Waterproofing systems for roofs

Special concretes
Migratory corrosion inhibitors
Protective coatings
Fibre reinforced polymers
Aramid fibre reinforced polymers
Carbon fibre reinforced polymers
Glass fibre reinforced polymers
Epoxys
Materials for special applications
A good repair material should have the best combination of
following properties:

Mechanical properties as close to the base materials as
possible
Good adhesion in dry, damp or wet conditions
Low shrinkage (during curing and long term)
Sealants (as the name)-it is a repair material that seals the pores and
gaps.
In building and construction industry-the term sealant is defined as a
material used for sealing of expansion joints and gaps between dis-
simmilar building materials.
In construction practices, building materials like steel, concrete,
plastics, aluminium and glass are used which essentially consists of
joints or cracks and these get widened due to differential thermal
coefficients of materials used.
A sealant in any material intended to maintain a seal or act as a
barrier between two sides of a joint/crack which may be subjected to
some degree of movement.
Thus the sealant is required to seal the inner portion from the
external environments like wind, rain, pollution, air borne dust,
micro-organisms, insects, water, heat and sunlight.
Accommodate continuous changes in size of a joint
Accommodate movement of various elements
Exclude rain, snow and wind from interior of building
Resist freeze/thaw effects
Resist abrasion and water flow through joints
Prevent the entry of materials which cause movements and
damages
Exclude chemical and biological contiminants from joints to
protect from damage and maintain hygienic conditions
Provide sound insulation

Ease of mixing and application over practical temperature
range
Adhesion to faces of joints
No undue shrinkage
Freedom from
Creep, slump or cold flow bleeding, and regular
maintainance
Adequate cohesive properties
Resistance to chemicals
Resistance to weathering agencies
Adequate hardness of abrasion resistance
Capability of being repaired and resealed

Oleo resinous mastics
Bitumen and rubber/bitumen-based sealants
Acrylic resin sealants
Flexible epoxide sealants
Polysulphide sealants
Polyurethane sealants
Sealing strips
Silicone sealants
Hot poured sealants
Epoxies come in category of polymers
In case of epoxies, polymerization process takes place when
two materials called, epoxy resin and hardener come in contact
by thorough mixing in specified proportion
The epoxy resin material have:
A good mechanical strength
Chemical resistance
Ease of work

Epoxies are used in civil engineering for

High performance coatings

Adhesives

Injection grouting

High performance systems

Industrial flooring or grouting etc

Epoxies are generally toxic in nature, thus it requires a lot of
care in their handling

Special care required during mixing and applications of
epoxies are:

They should not come in contact with skin, hence to be used
with rubber gloves

The utensils/equipments used for mixing resin and hardener
should be immediately cleaned after its use

The pot life of the mixed epoxy is generally very limited-1
to 2 hours

Thus it should be finally applied as an adhesive within the pot
life period

The epoxies are generally used as an adhesives to act as a
bond coat between the old concrete and repaired concrete

The epoxies have a glass transition range at temperatures at 60
to 80 deg-Cel depending upon type of epoxy thus they should
not be used in exposed environments

Epoxies have much higher bond strength than other polymers,
but at the same time, epoxies are costlier.

Anti corrosive and water proofing protective coatings
Fussion bonded epoxy powder coatings-used for protection
to reinforcing bars against corrosion in RCC structures in
highly aggressive environments
IPN coatings-used as surface coatings to arrest carbonation
of concrete cover or other chemical attack by sealing their
surface against environmental elements
Epoxy coating along with epoxy grouting-used to render
leaking roofs, toilets, bathrooms as impervious. Epoxies
should not be used exposed to sunlights
Polyurethane coatings-used as surface coatings on exposed
RCC structures as they have excellent UV resistance, good
elasticity and abrasion resistance.
Bond coats (structural adhesives) and grouts-Epoxies are used
as bond coats and grouts due to their excellent adhesive
qualities on cementatious and metallic surfaces

Structural repairs to concrete-due to excellent mechanical
properties and bond characteristics of epoxy mortars/concretes
are use to repair the damages of the structures.
Fibre reinforced polymers are the materials made from aramid,
carbon, glass or any other high performance materials
embedded in polymeric matrices in the form of bars, tendons,
and strands are produced and used in construction

High strength in the direction of fibres
It is anisotropic
Impervious to chloride ions and chemical attack
Tensile strength is greater than steel
the weight of steel
Transparent to magnetic fields and radar frequencies
Non conductive both electrically and thermally
Good resistance towards corrosion
Easy to handle
Good resistance to damping and fatigue behaviour
Convenient to use for repairing structures

High cost

Low shear strength

Low ductility

Susceptibility to stress rupture effect
The need to repair is dictated by the severity and root causes
of the deterioration as determined from the diagnosis.
The success of repair of damage depends upon the correct
assessment of the root cause, the right choice of repair
materials and the quality or workmanship in its execution.
The damages in many cases can be effectively repaired and
rectified with the use of new materials in confirmity with
modern construction technology.

Building repair and maintainance management by
P.S.Gahlot, Sanjay Sharma.

Handbook on repair and rehabilitation of RCC
buildings by C.P.W.D.

The repair on concrete structures by R.T.L.Allen.

American composites manufacturers association.