Computer is an electronic device

capable of performing complex

computations in a short time.
Is a fast electronic calculating machine
that accepts input information,
processes it according to a list of
internally stored instructions called a
program, and produces the resultant
output information
Program is a set of instructions for a
computer, telling it what to do or how to
behave.

Programming is the craft of
implementing one or more interrelated
abstract algorithms using a particular
programming language to produce a
concrete computer program.
Hardware
Consist of devices, like the computer itself,
the monitor, keyboard, printer, mouse and
speaker. Inside your computer there are
more bits of hardware, including the
motherboard, where you would find the
main processing chips.
Software
Is the name given to the programs that
you install on the computer to perform
certain types of activities.
Data representation
Is a conversion of image, letters and
sounds to digital electrical signals, signals
refers to a sequence of on and off
signals.
Digital electronics
Technology used in the manipulation of
on and off (digital electrical signals).



Analog device
As an analogy, a traditional light switch has to
discrete states on and off. A dimmer switch, on
the other hand, has a rotating dial that controls a
continuous range of brightness from none(off) to
full brightness. Therefore a digital device while the
latter is an analog device.

Example:
the temperature of an oven settable anywhere from
0 to 100 C may be measured to be 65 C or 64.96 C
or 64.958 C or even 64.9579 C and so on,
depending upon the
accuracy of the measuring instrument.
The 0 and 1 are also known as bits or
binary digits.
This sequence may have no clear
significance. However, this gains
meaning with additional information. For
instance, this may pertain to a certain
character, number, or even the color of
a dot on the screen, depending on the
context where this appears.
How can a computer represent numbers using
bits?

The computer uses the binary number
system which uses only two digits: 0 and 1. a
series of 0s and 1s results in a particular
number much in the same way we use the
decimal number system.

The table below shows how the binary
system works.

Decimal (Base 10) Binary ( Base 2)
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A closer look on bits
How come 5 become 0101 when
converted to binary?
0 1 0 1
Therefore:
0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 5
8*0 =
0
4*1 =
4
2*0 =
0
1*1 =
1
How then can a computer represent words and letters
using bits?
Bits can also be used to represent character
data. This is analogous to Morse code that uses
the dots and dashes to represent letters in the
alphabet. In this case, computers make use of
0 and 1 as a replacement to dots and dashes.
Example: using the 8-bit or extended ASCII, STI
has a corresponding binary value.
S T I
01010011 01010100 01001001
There are many ways on how the computer can
represent characters and symbols. Some common
types are:
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
It defines a set of characters that is displayed on
screen.
Standard ASCII uses only seven bits for each character
but this has been extended to 8 bits to accommodate
more symbols.
EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
It is an alternative 8-bit code used by older IBM
mainframe computers.
UNICODE
It is an 8, 16 or 32-bit character encoding scheme that
provides codes for 65,000 characters. This was
developed to represent all the writing systems of the
world.


Extended ASCII code makes use of a series of 0s and 1s to represent
256 characters (including letters for uppercase and lowercase,
numbers, and symbols).

Symbol Decimal Binary
A 65 01000001
B 66 01000010
C 67 01000011
D 68 01000100
E 69 01000101
F 70 01000110
G 71 01000111
H 72 01001000
I 73 01001001
J 74 01001010
K 75 01001011
L 76 01001100
M 77 01001101
N 78 01001110
O 79 01001111
P 80 01010000
Q 81 01010001
R 82 01010010
S 83 01010011
T 84 01010100
U 85 01010101
V 86 01010110
W 87 01010111
X 88 01011000
Y 89 01011001
Z 90 01011010
Symbol Decimal Binary
a 97 01100010
b 98 01100010
c 99 01100011
d 100 01100100
e 101 01100101
f 102 01100110
g 103 01100111
h 104 01101000
I 105 01101001
j 106 01101010
k 107 01101011
l 108 01101100
m 109 01101101
n 110 01101110
o 111 01101111
p 112 01110000
q 113 01110001
r 114 01110010
s 115 01110011
t 116 01110100
u 117 01110101
v 118 01110110
w 119 01110111
x 120 01111000
y 121 01111001
z 122 01111010
Bit
Is a contraction of binary digit.
The abbreviation for bit is a lowercase b.

Byte
Is a collection of bit (8 to be exact).
The abbreviation for byte is a uppercase
B.
Prefixes
Bytes and bits uses to indicate large
values. Note that the measurement is in
base 2. A common mistake is to think
that the binary kilo refers to a factor of
1000. Actually, the closet to 1000 in
binary is 2^10, which is actually 1024 not
1000.
Kilobit(a.k.a Kb or Kbit) - decimal
Kilobyte(a.k.a KB or KBytes) - binary



HD manufacturers provide approximate non-
formatted capacities.
Hence, an 80-GB HD will not show 80GB after
formatting. Something in the 90s, some
manufacturers used miobytes to mean million
(106) bytes, In 2005, they introduced a new
standard for binary prefixes that includes kibi-
(Ki) for 2^10, mebi-(Mi) for 2^20, gibi-(Gi) for
2^30, etc.

How are bits stored and transferred from point to
another?

Storage is either via electronics switches or
electronic charges. Electronic switches are
either on or off while charging devices are
either charge or discharged. One of the 2
states is identified as 0 while the other is 1.
Input devices>processor or CPU <Computer> >
Memory > Output devices
Input devices
Are machines that generate input for the
computer, such as keyboard and mouse.
Processor or CPU(Central Processing Unit)
is the central electronic chip that controls the
processes in the computer. It determines the
processing power of the computer.
Output devices
Are machines that display information from the
computer, such as monitor, speaker, and
printer.
Memory
Is the part of the computer that stores
applications, documents, and system operating
information.
What is a software?
Defined as a program or set of instructions
that tells the computer what to do.
Computer programmers write these
instructions using various programming
languages such as C++ and Java to tell the
computer hardware to perform specific tasks
Computer Program (or program) an
organized list of instructions that, when
executed, causes the computer to behave in
a predetermined manner. Without programs,
computers are useless.
Support module an auxiliary set of instructions
used in conjunction with the main software
program (examples: dynamic link libraries).
Data module contains data (not supplied by
the user) necessary for the execution of
certain tasks.

Data vs. Software
Sometimes the term software is used too
loosely and could cause confusion. Before,
the term software is always associated to
all non-hardware components of a
computer.
However, modern definitions make it clear
that all documents and even downloaded
materials from the net are now classified as
data.
Code Generation
Code can appear in a variety of forms. The
code that a programmer writes is called
source code. After it has been compiled, it
is called object code. Code that is ready
to run is called executable code or
machine code.

Application Software vs. System Software
Software is basically categorized into two:
application software and system software
Application software are computer programs that
are used to accomplish specific or specialized task
for computer users such as creating and editing
documents, making graphic presentation.
Examples of application software are word
processors, accounting programs, graphics
software and games.
System software are programs that control the
basic operations of a computer systems such as
saving files in a storage like hard disk, accepting
input from a keyboard or mouse, execute
programs. Examples of system software including
operating systems, communications control
programs, and loaders.
Is a methodology that is typically used to
develop, maintain and replace information
systems for improving the quality of the software
design and development process.
Importance of SDLC
In order to create systems that are good in
design we must take into consideration that it
must involve several phases. You can develop
software in one big attempt! The problem is this
becomes more difficult as the size and scope of
the increases. It would be easier (faster, less
problems) if the development is systematic.
SDLC involves five phases. Each phase plays an
important role in creating a good system.


1. Planning
2. Analysis
3. Design
4. Implementation
5. Maintenance
Planning Phases
This is the initial stage in the SDLC that has to
be performed. This phase includes the
information about the requirements for the
proposed software. Also, this phase is known
as the feasibility study.

In the first phase of SDLC, the organizations
total information system needs are identified,
analyzed, prioritized and arranged.
Analysis Phase
This phase requires the analyst to thoroughly
study the current procedures or software
used to execute tasks in an organization.
The main goal in this phase is to identify the
requirements for new software or simply
change several aspects in the current
working software.
This phase studies the current system and
produces proposed alternatives or
replacements.
Design Phase
During this phase, the developer of the
software translates the result of the previous
phase into actual design or specifications of
the software.
Development of the software involves
covering the input and output screens to
reports, databases and computer process.
Implementation Phase
After the design phase, we must put the
proposed software into the test.
1. Coding creation of the actual program.
2. Testing both programmer and analyst submits
the software to various quality testing to
discover if there are any bugs within the
software.
3. Installation after coding and testing is done, the
actual software must be installed and slowly or
completely replaces the old software.
Maintenance Phase
The maintenance phase is used to make
necessary patches to remove found errors.
This is where the software is systematically
repaired and improved based on errors or
possible new requirements found.
Waterfall SDLC
Modified Waterfall and Iterative SDLC


1.1101
2.01110
3.111101
4.101010
5.111011