SCIENCE FORM 5

CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION

AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
8.1 RADIO WAVES
Waves that cause particles in a medium to
vibrate perpendicularly to the direction
in which the waves travel are called
transverse waves.
Examples of transverse waves:
(i) Water waves
(ii) Electromagnetic waves
8.1 RADIO WAVES
Transverse wave
8.1 RADIO WAVES

Characteristics
of waves

Amplitude, A
- Maximum
displacement of a
wave from its resting
position
- SI unit is metres (m)



Wavelength,
- Distance between two
successive crests or
troughs
- SI unit is metres (m)


Frequency, f
- Number of crests
or troughs that
passes through a
point per second
- SI unit is hertz
(Hz)
Wave velocity, v
- Distance travelled
by the wave in one
second
- SI unit is metres
per second (m/s)
8.1 RADIO WAVES


Characteristics of a transverse wave
8.1 RADIO WAVES
All electromagnetic waves can travel in
a vacuum.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the
range of all electromagnetic waves.

8.1 RADIO WAVES
Electromagnetic spectrum

Radio Music In Victoria University X Games
8.1 RADIO WAVES
Characteristics
of
electromagnetic
waves
All are transverse
waves

Can travel in vacuum


Moves very fast
8.1 RADIO WAVES
Radio communication
As the Earths surface is curved, radio
waves cannot be transmitted directly
over long distances without being
blocked by the Earths surface.
For long distance communication using
medium or long waves, relay stations
are used to extend the range of
transmission.



8.1 RADIO WAVES
For long distance communication using
short waves, short waves are first sent up
to the ionosphere where they are
reflected back to a receiver on Earths
surface.

8.1 RADIO WAVES
Relay stations are used to extend the range of transmission of medium or long waves
CHAPTER 8.1 RADIO WAVES
Short waves are reflected by the ionosphere back to the Earth
8.1 RADIO WAVES
Television broadcasting
Most television broadcasting uses
VHFs or UHFs.
The television stations in Malaysia uses
UHFs to broadcast their programmes.




8.1 RADIO WAVES
Satellite communications
Satellite communications involve the
transmissions of information in the form of
microwaves between the satellites and
the Earth.
Most satellites receive signals from
Earth, strengthen the signals and then
send the signals back to Earth.

8.1 RADIO WAVES
Satellite communication
8.2 RADIO COMMUNICATION
Electronic
component
Symbol Function
Aerial To receive all radio waves with
different frequencies within its
range
Inductor


Works with a variable capacitor to
form a tuning circuit
Variable capacitor


Works with an inductor to form a
tuning circuit
Diode Separate the a.f. signals from the
the amplified modulated r.f. signals
through modulation
Capacitor




To store electric charges
8.2 RADIO COMMUNICATION
Electronic
component
Symbol Function
Transistor To amplify the a.f. signals before
sending them to the loudspeakers
or earphones
Resistor


Works with a transistor to amplify
the a.f. signals
Transformer


To change the voltage of an
alternating current
8.2 RADIO COMMUNICATION
The radio transmission system
Sound waves cannot travel very far
through the air. So a radio transmission
system is needed.




8.2 RADIO COMMUNICATION
Sound waves are
converted into electrical
signals known as audio
frequency signals (a.f.
signals) by a
microphone
The a.f. signals are sent
to an amplifier where
their amplitude is
increased
The amplified a.f. signals
are sent to the modulator.
At the same time an
oscillator generates radio
waves known as radio
frequency (r.f.) carrier
waves which is also sent to
the modulator
In the modulator, the a.f.
signals combined with
the r.f. carrier waves
through amplitude
modulation (AM) or
frequency modulation
(FM) to produce
amplitude modulated r.f.
signals or frequency
modulated r.f. signals
Modulated r.f. signals
are finally sent to a
transmitting aerial
which converts the
modulated r.f. signals
into radio waves
The radio waves are
transmitted at a
particular frequency
from the transmitting
aerial to its surrounding
8.2 RADIO COMMUNICATION
Modulator
r.f. oscillator
Electrical
power supply
A radio transmitter
Sound waves
Microphone
Amplifier
Amplified a.f.
signals
Amplitude
modulated r.f.
signals (r.f.
signal carrying
a.f. signal)
Radio waves
transmitted at
one frequency
r.f. signals
a.f. signal
8.2 RADIO COMMUNICATION
The radio receiver system
In the radio receiver system, a receiving
aerial receives the weak radio waves with
many frequencies transmitted from
different radio stations.
8.2 RADIO COMMUNICATION
All weak radio waves
are received by the
receiving aerial
The radio waves are
converted back into
modulated r.f.
signals with different
frequencies which are
then sent to the tuner
At the tuner, the
frequency of the radio
receiver is adjusted to
match the frequency of
the radio station
When the frequency of
the radio receiver
matches the frequency
of the required radio
station, the modulated
r.f. signals become
stronger by having a
larger amplitude
The stronger
modulated r.f.
signals are then
passed through an
amplifier where their
amplitude is
increased
The amplified
modulated r.f. signals
are sent to a detector
which separates the
a.f. signals from the
modulated r.f. signals
(demodulation). The
a.f. signals are
amplified
The amplified a.f.
signals are sent to a
loudspeaker which
converts them back to
sound waves. The
sound waves are then
transmitted at different
frequencies from the
loudspeaker to its
surrounding
8.2 RADIO COMMUNICATION
Tuner
Electrical
power supply
A radio receiver
Radio waves
of different
frequencies
Amplifier
Receiving
aerial
Weak r.f. signals
of different
frequencies
Amplified r.f.
signals
Detector
Selected r.f.
signal (one
particular
station)
a.f. signal
separated from
the r.f. signal
Amplifier
Amplified a.f.
signal
Loudspeaker
8.3 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Microwave signals used for satellite
communication system have very high
frequencies.

At a ground station on Earth,
microwave signals of certain
frequency are sent up to a
communication satellite
The communication satellite
amplifies the microwave
signals and convert it to
another frequency
The amplified microwave
signals are sent to satellite
dishes or other ground
stations
8.3 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Advantages
of using
satellites to
transmit
information
A wide coverage
for the
transmission of
signals
Clear signals
transmitted
without being
corrupted
Signals
transmitted at the
speed of light
Low cost of
sending
information over
long distances
8.3 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Other uses of
satellites
Navigation
Exploration
Surveillance
Weather
8.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF USING ICT FOR THE
BENEFIT OF MANKIND
The use of ICT has greatly benefited us
in many different ways. ICT allows us to
communicate over long distances by
sending information in various forms such
as text, pictures, sounds and videos in
great volumes and at high speeds.
CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
1. The diagram shows a wave form.





What is the wave length of the wave?
A. 2 m B. 4 m
C. 20 m D. 30 m

10 m
20 m
CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
2. Which propagation wave has the highest
frequency?
A.

B.

C.

D.


CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
3. A wave with a frequency of 50 Hz moves
at a velocity of 300 ms
-1
. What is the
wavelength of the wave?
A. 6 m B. 250 m
C. 350 m D. 1500 m




CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
3. A wave with a frequency of 50 Hz moves
at a velocity of 300 ms
-1
. What is the
wavelength of the wave?
A. 6 m B. 250 m
C. 350 m D. 1500 m



CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
4. Which of the electronic components A, B,
C or D is able to store charges?
A.

B.

C.

D.
CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
5. Which of the following electric
components allows current to flow in one
direction only?
A.
B.
C.
D.


CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
6. A radio could not receive a broadcast
clearly. Which part of the radio receiver
should be modified?
A. Diode B. Aerial
C. Speaker D. Transistor

CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
7. What is the symbol of a resistor?
A.

B.

C.

D.
CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
8. What is the function of the microphone in
a radio transmitter?
A. Receives radio waves
B. Generates radio waves
C. Converts sound waves to electrical
signals
D. Combines carrier waves and sound
signals
CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
9. Which of the following is true about
communication satellites?
A. Located outside the Earths orbit
B. Obtains energy from the Earths
satellite station
C. Three satellites are needed for
worldwide communication
D. Makes one complete orbit around the
Earth in one month
CHAPTER 8: ELECTRONICS AND INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
QUIZ
10. What is the use of communication
satellites?
A. Archaeology
B. Weather forecast
C. Radio broadcasting
D. Wireless microphone