Desempleo

Medicin del desempleo

MEDICIN DE LA TASA DE DESEMPLEO
Y LA TASA DE PARTICIPACIN EN LA
FUERZA LABORAL
Medicin del desempleo
La relevancia de la tasa de desempleo
La tasa de desempleo (desocupacin) es un resumen de la
salud del mercado laboral.
Calculando la Tasa de Desempleo
Cada tres meses el INEGI conduce la Encuesta Nacional de
Ocupacin y Empleo (ENOE) a 120,260 viviendas en Mxico para
recabar informacin sobre el mercado laboral.
ENOE Hogares
Poblacion adulta
Ocupados Ninguno de los dos Desocupados
Fuerza Laboral
Inactivos
La poblacion adulta no incluye a las personas institucionalizadas como aquellas
en las escuelas, prisiones y hospitales.
Calculando la Tasa de Desempleo
DESEMPLEADOS: son las personas con ms de cierta edad
especificada y que durante el perodo de referencia estaban:

a) sin empleo para generar ingresos, es decir, no tenan un empleo asalariado
o un empleo independiente en una empresa orientada al mercado,
b) [corrientemente] disponibles para trabajar, es decir, disponibles para
trabajar en empleo asalariado o en empleo independiente durante el perodo
de referencia; y
c) en busca de empleo, es decir, haban tomado medidas concretas para
buscar un empleo asalariado o un empleo independiente en un perodo
reciente especificado.
Calculando la Tasa de Desempleo
PALABRAS CLAVES EN LA DEFINICIN
EDAD MINIMA
ESTAR SIN TRABAJO
ESTAR DISPONIBLE PARA TRABAJAR
HABER BUSCADO EMPLEO
Poblacin adulta
Ocupados Ninguno de los dos Desocupados
Fuerza Laboral
Inactivos
Calculando la Tasa de Desempleo
DESEMPLEADO (desocupado INEGI): Personas que no estando
ocupadas en la semana de referencia, buscaron activamente
incorporarse a alguna actividad econmica en algn momento del
ltimo mes transcurrido.
Poblacin adulta
Ocupados Ninguno de los dos Desocupados
Fuerza Laboral
Inactivos
Calculando la Tasa de Desempleo
Fuerza Laboral [Poblacin Econmicamente Activa (PEA) - INEGI]:
Personas que durante el periodo de referencia realizaron o tuvieron
una actividad econmica (poblacin ocupada) o buscaron
activamente realizar una en algn momento del mes anterior al da
de la entrevista (poblacin desocupada).
Poblacin adulta
Ocupados Ninguno de los dos Desocupados
Fuerza Laboral
Inactivos
Calculando la Tasa de Desempleo
Inactivo [Poblacin no econmicamente activa (PNEA)]: Personas
que durante el periodo de referencia no realizaron ni tuvieron una
actividad econmica, ni buscaron desempear una en algn
momento del mes anterior al da de la entrevista.
Poblacin Adulta
Ocupada
49,576,734
Ninguno de los dos
35,842,634
Desocupada
2,732,601
Fuerza Laboral
52,309,335
Inactivo
Tasa de desempleo (desocupacin): Porcentaje de la poblacin
econmicamente activa (PEA) que se encuentra sin trabajar, pero que
est buscando trabajo.
Calculando la Tasa de Desempleo
Tasa de desempleo=
Desocupados
Fuerza Laboral
=
2,732,601
52,309,335
= 0.052 5.2%
Ejercicios
Limitaciones de la tasa de desempleo
La tasa de desempleo no nos dice nada sobre las
personas que estn trabajando por debajo de su
capacidad productiva.
Subocupados
Tasa de desempleo=
Desocupados
Fuerza Laboral
=
2,732,601
52,309,335
= 0.052 5.2%
Poblacin subocupada: Personas ocupadas con la necesidad y
disponibilidad de ofertar ms tiempo de trabajo de lo que su
ocupacin actual les permite.
The unemployment rate does not tell us about people
who are working in jobs below their capability of for
fewer hours than they desire.

La tasa de desempleo no nos dice nada acerca de cuanto
tiempo el desempleo promedio permanece como tal, o si
el desempleo es causado por personas que estn
cambiando de empleo o por desempleo crnico.
Subocupados
Duracin
Tasa de desempleo=
Desocupados
Fuerza Laboral
=
2,732,601
52,309,335
= 0.052 5.2%
Limitaciones de la tasa de desempleo
Tasa de desempleo=
Desocupados
Fuerza Laboral
=
2,732,601
52,309,335
= 0.052 5.2%
The unemployment rate does not tell us about people
who are working in jobs below their capability of for
fewer hours than they desire.

The unemployment rate does not tell us about how long
the spells of unemployment are, or whether the
unemployment is caused by people switching jobs or
chronic unemployment.

La tasa de desempleo no nos dice nada sobre los
trabajadores desalentados y que han dejado el mercado
laboral.
Subocupados
Duracin
Trabajadores
desalentados
Limitaciones de la tasa de desempleo
Poblacin Adulta
Ocupada
49,576,734
Ninguno de los dos
35,842,634
Desocupada
2,732,601
Fuerza Laboral
52,309,335
Inactivo
Calculando la Tasa de Desempleo
Tasa de participacin: Porcentaje que representa la poblacin
econmicamente activa (PEA) respecto a la de 14 y ms aos de
edad.
Tasa de Participacion =
Fuerza Laboral
Poblacion Adulta

Poblacin Adulta
Ocupada
49,576,734
Ninguno de los dos
35,842,634
Desocupada
2,732,601
Fuerza Laboral
52,309,335
Inactivo
Calculando la Tasa de Desempleo
Tasa de Participacion =
Fuerza Laboral
Poblacion Adulta
=
52,309,335
88,151,969
= 0.593 59.3%
Es interesante estudiar los cambio de la tasa de participacin
laboral de diferentes grupos demogrficos y a travs del tiempo.
Ejercicios
Demographic Variations in Unemployment
Data shows that unemployment rates:

Do not vary much with gender.

Vary greatly with age; people under 25 have much higher
rates of unemployment.

Vary quite a bit across ethnic groups; minorities have
higher unemployment rates.

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
Measuring Unemployment
People made redundant
People sacked
People temporarily laid off
People resigning
OUTFLOWS
(per period of time)
To jobs To outside the
labour force
People taking new jobs
People returning to old
jobs who had been
temporarily laid off
People who have become disheartened
and give up looking for a job
People who have reached retirement age
People who temporarily withdraw from
labour force (e.g. to raise a family)
People who emigrate
People who die
INFLOWS
(per period of time)
From jobs From outside the labour force
School/college leavers
People returning to the
labour force (e.g. after
raising children)
UNEMPLOYMENT
Flows into and out of unemployment
Categories of Unemployment
Frictional (Search) Unemployment: Unemployment that occurs as a result of
imperfect information in the labour market. It often takes time for workers to find
jobs (even though there are vacancies) and in the meantime they are unemployed.
Frictional unemployment refers to unemployment caused by
people moving between jobs, careers and locations.
Categories of Unemployment
Seasonal Unemployment: Unemployment that results from compositional changes
in the economy caused by changes in the production or regulations and policy.
Frictional unemployment refers to unemployment caused by
people moving between jobs, careers and locations.


Seasonal unemployment is a type of frictional unemployment
characterized by seasonal work.


Categories of Unemployment
Structural Unemployment: Unemployment that results from compositional
changes in the economy caused by changes in production or regulations and policy.
Frictional unemployment refers to unemployment caused by
people moving between jobs, careers and locations.


Season unemployment is a type of frictional unemployment
characterized by seasonal work.


Structural unemployment results from the compositional
changes in the economy due to technological changes,
competition from abroad or changes in regulation in policy.
Categories of Unemployment
Cyclical Unemployment: Unemployment that results from the recessions and
contraction in the business cycle.
Frictional unemployment refers to unemployment caused by
people moving between jobs, careers and locations.


Season unemployment is a type of frictional unemployment
characterized by seasonal work.


Structural unemployment results from the compositional
changes in the economy due to technological changes,
competition from abroad or changes in regulation in policy.


Cyclical unemployment is caused by downturns in the
business cycle.
Cyclical Unemployment and the Business Cycle
The graph shows that in each case, slowing of economic activity
was correlated with spikes in unemployment.

As recession ends, we see a decrease in unemployment.

Economic policy often seeks to smooth out business cycles or
address recessions when they occur.
Concerns about Unemployment
The unemployment rate is one simple number that covers a more
complex story.

Deeper questions include:

What is the cause of unemployment? Is it frictional,
structural or cyclical?

What demographic groups are most affected by
unemployment?

What policies can we adopt to help the unemployed?
The Natural Rate of Unemployment
UNDERSTANDING THE NATURAL
RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT
The Natural Rate of Unemployment
The Natural Rate of Unemployment
Recall:

Unemployment may be frictional, structural, or cyclical.
Much of the unemployment is caused by changes in the business cycle:
Booms result in people getting jobs and busts in people losing them.

The Natural Rate of Unemployment
Recall:

Unemployment may be frictional, structural, or cyclical.
Much of the unemployment is caused by changes in the business cycle:
Booms result in people getting jobs and busts in people losing them.

If the business cycle were completely mitigated, the unemployment rate
left would be the natural rate.

Therefore the natural rate is a measure of frictional and structural
unemployment.

Natural Rate of Unemployment: it is the part of the unemployment rate that
remains after the cyclical component of unemployment has been excluded. It is a
measure of the frictional unemployment and structural unemployment at which
the economy operates efficiently.
Factors Affecting the Natural Rate of Unemployment
Demographics Older workers tend to keep their jobs longer; as the
population grows older, frictional unemployment goes
down, and the natural rate of unemployment decreases.
Factors Affecting the Natural Rate of Unemployment
Demographics Older workers tend to keep their jobs longer; as the
population grows older, frictional unemployment goes
down, and the natural rate of unemployment decreases.

More job training leads people to new jobs sooner, and
so decreases the natural rate.


Policies pertaining to
job training and
unemployment insurance
Factors Affecting the Natural Rate of Unemployment
Demographics Older workers tend to keep their jobs longer; as the
population grows older, frictional unemployment goes
down, and the natural rate of unemployment decreases.

More job training leads people to new jobs sooner, and
so decreases the natural rate; more unemployment
insurance decreases and individuals cost of being
unemployed and raises the natural rate of
unemployment.




Policies pertaining to
job training and
unemployment insurance
Factors Affecting the Natural Rate of Unemployment
Demographics Older workers tend to keep their jobs longer; as the
population grows older, frictional unemployment goes
down, and the natural rate of unemployment decreases.

More job training leads people to new jobs sooner, and
so decreases the natural rate; more unemployment
insurance decreases and individuals cost of being
unemployed and raises the natural rate of
unemployment.

If regulations make it harder for firms to hire, the natural
rate of unemployment increases.




Policies that discourage
firms from hiring quickly
Policies pertaining to
job training and
unemployment insurance
Factors Affecting the Natural Rate of Unemployment
Demographics Older workers tend to keep their jobs longer; as the
population grows older, frictional unemployment goes
down, and the natural rate of unemployment decreases.

More job training leads people to new jobs sooner, and
so decreases the natural rate; more unemployment
insurance decreases and individuals cost of being
unemployed and raises the natural rate of
unemployment.

If regulations make it harder for firms to hire, the natural
rate of unemployment increases.

Changes in the structure or composition of the economy
can also affect the natural rate of unemployment.



Policies that discourage
firms from hiring quickly
Structural changes
Policies pertaining to
job training and
unemployment insurance
Case 15.1
Do People Volunteer
to be Unemployed?
The distinction between voluntary
and involuntary unemployment