Chi-Square in SPSS

Using Survival Data

from the Titanic
Getting Chi-Square Statistics
Data: Survival on the Titanic by Gender
Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Crosstabs
Move one variable into ROW and
the other into COLUMNS.

CLICK on CELLS
Select Percentages Within Categories
of the Independent Variable
Independent Variable (Gender)
is in the Rows
Always show Observed count
Optionally, show Expected
count
Percentage across the Rows
Click CONTINUE
In main dialogue box,
Click STATISTICS
Selecting Chi-Square Statistics
Choose Chi-Square for
hypothesis test
Click Phi and
Cramers V for measure
of strength of the
relationship
Click CONTINUE
On main dialogue box,
Click OK
Crosstabs Table
Observed count
(yellow highlight)
Expected count
(blue highlight)
Percent within
each Gender who Died or Survived
(pink highlight)
Report: Most men on the Titanic (80.2%)
died while most women (71.6%) survived.
gender * survival Crosstabulation
680.000 168.000 848.000
529.4 318.6 848.0
80.2% 19.8% 100.0%
126.000 317.000 443.000
276.6 166.4 443.0
28.4% 71.6% 100.0%
806.000 485.000 1291.000
806.0 485.0 1291.0
62.4% 37.6% 100.0%
Count
Expected Count
% within gender
Count
Expected Count
% within gender
Count
Expected Count
% within gender
1 Men
2 Women
gender
Total
1 Died 2 Survived
survival
Total
Chi-Square Tests
332.205
b
1 .000
330.003 1 .000
335.804 1 .000
.000 .000
331.948 1 .000
1291
Pearson Chi-Square
Continuity Correction
a
Likelihood Ratio
Fisher's Exact Test
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(2-sided)
Exact Sig.
(1-sided)
Computed only f or a 2x2 table
a.
0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 166.
43.
b.
Chi-Square Test
Pearson chi-square is the default test
When Sig < alpha, variables are related.
Report:
The relationship is significant (
2
(1) = 332.205, p < .005).
Symmetric Measures
.507 .000
.507 .000
1291
Phi
Cramer's V
Nominal by
Nominal
N of Valid Cases
Value Approx. Sig.
Not assuming the null hypothesis.
a.
Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null
hypothesis.
b.
Measures of Relationship
Phi for 2x2 tables Cramers V for larger tables
Both range from 0 to 1 with 0 = no relationship
For df = 1
V = 0.10 is a small effect
V = 0.30 is a medium effect
V = 0.50 is a large effect
Report: Gender
had a large effect
on chance of
survival for the
Titanic passengers.
Survival by Social Class
on the Titanic
Class Social Class * Survived Died or Sur vived on Titanic Crosstabulation
117 187 304
189.8 114.2 304.0
38.5% 61.5% 100.0%
163 112 275
171.7 103.3 275.0
59.3% 40.7% 100.0%
526 186 712
444.5 267.5 712.0
73.9% 26.1% 100.0%
806 485 1291
806.0 485.0 1291.0
62.4% 37.6% 100.0%
Count
Expected Count
% within Class
Social Class
Count
Expected Count
% within Class
Social Class
Count
Expected Count
% within Class
Social Class
Count
Expected Count
% within Class
Social Class
1 Upper
2 Middle
3 Lower
Class
Social
Class
Total
0 Died 1 Survived
Survived Died or
Survived on Titanic
Total
Chi-Square Test
Survival by Social Class on the Titanic
Chi-Square Tests
115.246
a
2 .000
114.292 2 .000
114.311 1 .000
1291
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
Linear-by-Linear
Association
N of Valid Cases
Value df
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is 103.31.
a.
Effect Size and Write-Up
Symmetric Measures
.299 .000
.299 .000
1291
Phi
Cramer's V
Nominal by
Nominal
N of Valid Cases
Value Approx. Sig.
Not assuming the null hypothesis.
a.
Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null
hypothesis.
b.
Gender was not the only factor that affected the chance of survival when
the Titanic sank in the North Atlantic. Social class was significantly
related to survivorship (
2
(2) = 115.246, p < .005). More than half of the
upper class passengers (61.5%) and many of the middle class (40.7%)
passenger survived while only one fourth (26.1%) of the lowest class
passengers survived. Social class had a moderate relationship (V = .299)
to survival, not as great as the effect of gender.

For df(2):
V = .07 is a small effect V = 0.21 is a medium effect V = .035 is a large effect