1

Design and Detailing of steel in

Combined Footings
Dr. M.C. NATARAJA
2
Summary Sheet
Session Number :
Date :
Subject Expert :
8

14.05.2007-

Dr. M.C. Nataraja Dr. M.C. Nataraja
Proessor
Department o !i"i# En$ineerin$%
Sri &a'ac(amarajen)ra !o##e$e o En$ineerin$%
*'sore + 570 00,.
P(one:0821-2-4-521% .880447742
E-mai#: nataraja.,/'a(oo.com


!earning "ut#omes$
%
After this students &ill be able design and detail After this students &ill be able design and detail
#ombined footings through dra&ing and bar bending #ombined footings through dra&ing and bar bending
s#hedule. This is for 'art ( and is one full )uestion s#hedule. This is for 'art ( and is one full )uestion
for about *+ mar,s. for about *+ mar,s.
Design and Detailing of
steel in Combined Footings
-
Footings
The fun#tion of a footing or a foundation is to
transmit the load form the stru#ture to the
underlying soil.
The #hoi#e of suitable ty.e of footing de.ends on
the de.th at &hi#h the bearing strata lies/ the soil
#ondition and the ty.e of su.erstru#ture.
0
Combined footing
1hene2er t&o or more #olumns in a straight line are #arried on
a single s.read footing/ it is #alled a #ombined footing.
3solated footings for ea#h #olumn are generally the
e#onomi#al.
Combined footings are .ro2ided only &hen it is absolutely
ne#essary/ as
1. 1hen t&o #olumns are #lose together/ #ausing o2erla.
of ad4a#ent isolated footings
2. 1here soil bearing #a.a#ity is lo&/ #ausing o2erla. of
ad4a#ent isolated footings
. 'ro5imity of building line or e5isting building or se&er/
ad4a#ent to a building #olumn.
6
'2
l a2 a1
5
R
Combined footing &ith
loads
'1
!72 !72
Ty.es of #ombined
footings
'ro.erty line
8
8
8
b
*
2. Slab and beam ty.e
. Stra. ty.e
Ty.es of #ombined footing
1. Slab ty.e
9
%
The #ombined footing may be re#tangular/
tra.e:oidal or Tee;sha.ed in .lan.
The geometri# .ro.ortions and sha.e are so fi5ed that the
#enteroid of the footing area #oin#ides &ith the resultant of the
#olumn loads. This results in uniform .ressure belo& the entire
area of footing.
%
Tra.e:oidal footing is .ro2ided &hen one #olumn load is mu#h
more than the other. As a result/ the both .ro4e#tions of footing
beyond the fa#es of the #olumns &ill be restri#ted.
%
Re#tangular footing is .ro2ided &hen one of the .ro4e#tions of
the footing is restri#ted or the &idth of the footing is restri#ted.
<
Re#tangular
#ombined footing
%
!ongitudinally/ the footing a#ts as an u.&ard loaded
beam s.anning bet&een #olumns and #antile2ering
beyond. =sing stati#s/ the shear for#e and bending
moment diagrams in the longitudinal dire#tion are dra&n.
Moment is #he#,ed at the fa#es of the #olumn. Shear
for#e is #riti#al at distan#e >d? from the fa#es of #olumns
or at the .oint of #ontra fle5ure. T&o;&ay shear is
#he#,ed under the hea2ier #olumn.
%
The footing is also sub4e#ted to trans2erse bending and
this bending is s.read o2er a trans2erse stri. near the
#olumn.
1+
Longitudinal Bending Transverse Bending
T
T T
T
P
a
P
b
SLAB TYPE COMBINED FOOTING
a
b
l
!
11
d d
d72
1 2 - 0 6
1 2 - 0 6
Se#tion 1;1/ 2;2/ 0;0/ and 6;6 are se#tions for #riti#al moments
Se#tion ;/ -;- are se#tions for #riti#al shear @one &ayA
Se#tion for #riti#al t&o &ay shear is ab#d
a b
d
#
CR3T3CA! SBCT3"NS F"R M"MBNTS AND SCBAR
12
5
R
TRANSDBRSB (BAM
(B!"1 C"!=MS
'2
l b
a
'1
!72 !72
1m
1
Design Ste.s
%
!o#ate the .oint of a..li#ation of the #olumn
loads on the footing.
%
'ro.ortion the footing su#h that the resultant of loads
.asses through the #enter of footing.
%
Com.ute the area of footing su#h that the allo&able soil
.ressure is not e5#eeded.
%
Cal#ulate the shear for#es and bending moments at the
salient .oints and hen#e dra& SFD and (MD.
%
Fi5 the de.th of footing from the ma5imum bending
moment.
%
Cal#ulate the trans2erse bending moment and design
the trans2erse se#tion for de.th and reinfor#ement.
Che#, for an#horage and shear.
1-
Design Ste.s ;Contd./
%
Che#, the footing for longitudinal shear and hen#e
design the longitudinal steel
%
Design the reinfor#ement for the longitudinal
moment and .la#e them in the a..ro.riate
.ositions.
%
Che#, the de2elo.ment length for longitudinal steel
%
Curtail the longitudinal bars for e#onomy
%
Dra& and detail the reinfor#ement
%
're.are the bar bending s#hedule
10
Detailing
Detailing of steel @both longitudinal and trans2erseA in a
#ombined footing is similar to that of #on2entional beam;
S';-
Detailing re)uirements of beams and slabs should be
follo&ed as a..ro.riate;S';-
16
Design of #ombined footing E
Slab and (eam ty.e
1. T&o interior #olumns A and ( #arry *++ ,N and 1+++
,N loads res.e#ti2ely. Column A is 0+ mm 5 0+ mm
and #olumn ( is -++ mm F -++ mm in se#tion. The
#entre to #entre s.a#ing bet&een #olumns is -.6 m.
The soil on &hi#h the footing rests is #a.able of
.ro2iding resistan#e of 1+ ,N7m
2
. Design a #ombined
footing by .ro2iding a #entral beam 4oining the t&o
#olumns. =se #on#rete grade M20 and mild steel
reinfor#ement.
1*
Dra& to a suitable s#ale the follo&ing
1. The longitudinal se#tional ele2ation
2. Trans2erse se#tion at the left fa#e of the hea2ier
#olumn
. 'lan of the footing
Mar,s 6+
19
Solution$ Data
f
#,
G 20 Nlmm
2
/
f
y
G 20+ N7mm
2
/
f
b
G l+ ,N7m
2
@S(CA/
Column A G 0+ mm 5 0+ mm/
Column ( G -++ mm 5 -++ mm/
#7# s.a#ing of #olumns G -.6 m/
'
A
G *++ ,N and '
(
G 1+++ ,N
Re)uired$ To design #ombined footing &ith #entral beam
4oining the t&o #olumns.
=ltimate loads
'
uA
G 1.0 5 *++ G 1+0+ ,N/ '
u(
G 1.0 5 1+++ G 10++ ,N
1<
Proportioning of base size
1or,ing load #arried by #olumn A G '
A
G *++ ,N
1or,ing load #arried by #olumn ( G '
(
G 1+++ ,N
Self &eight of footing 1+ H 5 @'
A
8 '
(
A G 1*+ ,N
Total &or,ing load G 19*+ ,N
Re)uired area of footing G A
f
G Total load 7S(C
G19*+71+ G 1-.9 m
2
!et the &idth of the footing G (
f
G 2m
Re)uired length of footing G !
f
G A
f
7(
f
G 1-.972 G *.1<m
'ro2ide footing of si:e *.2m F 2m/A
f
G *.2 5 2 G 1-.- m
2

2+
Then 5 G @'
(
5 -.6A7@'
A
8 '
(
A G @1+++ 5 -.6A7@1+++ 8*++A
G 2.* m from #olumn A.
3f the #antile2er .ro4e#tion of footing beyond #olumn A is >a?
then/ a 8 2.* G !
f
72 G *.272/ Therefore a G +.< m
Similarly if the #antile2er .ro4e#tion of footing beyond ( is IbI
then/ b 8 @-.6;2.*A G !
f
72 G .6 m/
Therefore b G .6 ; 1.< G 1.* m
The details are sho&n in Figure
For uniform .ressure distribution the C.J. of
the footing should #oin#ide &ith the C.J. of
#olumn loads. !et 5 be the distan#e of C.J.
from the #entre line of #olumn A
21
C
*++ ,N 1+++ ,N
-6++ mm bG1*++ aG<++

5
R
Combined footing &ith loads
A (
D
.
u
G1** ,N7m
2
&
u
G0- ,N7m
22
Rectangular Footing with Central Beam:-
Design of Bottom slab.
Total ultimate load from #olumns G '
u
G 1.0@*++ 8 1+++A G 200+ ,N.
=.&ard intensity of soil .ressure &
u
G '7A
f
G 200+71-.- G 1** ,N7m
2
Design of slab
3ntensity of =.&ard .ressure G &
u
G1** ,N7m
2
Consider one meter &idth of the slab @bG1mA
!oad .er m run of slab at ultimate G 1** 5 1 G 1** ,N7m
Cantile2er .ro4e#tion of the slab @For smaller #olumnA
G1+++ ; 0+72 G 920 mm
Ma5imum ultimate moment G 1** 5 +.920
2
72 G 6+.2 ,N;m.
2
For M20 and Fe 20+/ K
u ma5
G .*1 N7mm
2

Re)uired effe#ti2e de.th G L @6+.2 5 1+
6
7@.*1 5 1+++AA G 129 mm
Sin#e the slab is in #onta#t &ith the soil #lear #o2er of 0+ mm is
assumed.
=sing 2+ mm diameter bars
Re)uired total de.th G 129 8 2+72 8 0+ G199 mm say 2++ mm
'ro2ided effe#ti2e de.th G d G 2++;0+;2+72 G 1-+ mm
.
u
G1** ,N7m
2
1m
+.920 m
Slab design;Contd./
"#
$%&'#
2-
To find steel
M
u
7bd
2
G.+*<.*/ =RS
M
u
G+.9* f
y
A
st
Md;f
y
A
st
7@f
#,
bAN
.
t
G1.*H
A
st
G 29+ mm
2
=se O2+ mm diameter bar at s.a#ing
G 1+++ 5 1- 7 29+ G 11.< say 1+ mm #7#
Area .ro2ided G1+++ 5 1- 7 1+ G 2-10 mm
2
20
Chec the depth for one - wa!
shear considerations- "t #d$ from face
Design shear for#eGD
u
G1**5@+.920;+.1-+AG121,N
Nominal shear stressGP
2
GD
u
7bdG121+++7
@1+++51-+AG+.966M'a
'ermissible shear stress
'
t
G 1++ 5 2-10 7@1+++ 5 1-+ A G 1.* H/ P
u#
G +.**2 N7mm
2

Dalue of , for 2++ mm thi#, slab G1.2
'ermissible shear stress G 1.2 5 +.**2 G +.<26 N7mm
2
P
u#
Q P
2
and hen#e safe
The de.th may be redu#ed uniformly to 10+ mm at the
edges.
26
Chec for de%elopment length
!
dt
G M+.9* 5 20+ 7 @- 5 1.-ANR G< R
G < 5 2+ G *9+ mm
A2ailable length of barG920 ; 20 G 9++mm
Q *9+ mm and hen#e safe.
Trans%erse reinforcement
Re)uired A
st
G+.10bD71++
G+.1051+++ 5 2++71++ G ++mm
2
=sing R9 mm bars/ S.a#ingG1+++50+7++
G 16+ mm
'ro2ide distribution steel of R9 mm at 16+ mm
#7#/S++/ S0d
.
u
G1** ,N7m
2
1m
+.920 m
2*
Design of !ongitudinal (eam
!oad from the slab &ill be transferred to the beam.
As the &idth of the footing is 2 m/ the net u.&ard soil
.ressure .er meter length of the beam
G &
u
G 1** 5 2 G 0- ,N7m
Shear For#e and (ending Moment
D
AC
G 0- 5 +.< G19.6 ,N/ D
A(
G 1+0+;19.6 G*1.- ,N
D
(D
G 0- 5 1.* G 6+1.9,N/ D
(A
G 10++;6+1.9 G 9<9.2 ,N
'oint of :ero shear from left end C
F
1
G 1+0+70- G 2.<*m from C or
F
2
G *.2;2.<* G -.2 m from D
29
Ma5imum (.M. o##urs at a distan#e of -.2 m from D
M
uB
G 0- 5 -.2
2
7 2 ; 10++ @-.2 ; 1.*A G ;629 ,N.m
(ending moment under #olumn AG M
uA
G0-5+.<
2
72 G
1-.* ,N.m
(ending moment under #olumn ( G M
u(
G 0- 5 1.*
2

G 011.0 ,N;m
!et the .oint of #ontra fle5ure be at a distan#e 5 from
the #entre of #olumn A
Then/ M
5
G 3+0+5 ; 0- @5 8 +.< A
2
7 2 G +
Therefore 5 G +.2+6 m and .<2 m from #olumn A
i.e. +.69 m from (.
2<
"$'$ (N "'$$ (N
&') (N*#
$%+ #
"%, #
)%- #
C
A B
D
E
M
E
.-/0 (N1#
M
A
.")&%&, (N1#
2
3
%2
4.$%/$- #
$%-0#
M
B
.'""%' (N1#
BMD at 5lti#ate
6".&"0%- (N
6).-$"%0 (N
6/.,&"%) (N
6&.0+0%/ (N
SFD at 5lti#ate
2
2
1
4"./%+,
#
4/.)%/&
#
E
1
+
Depth of beam from B.&.
The &idth of beam is ,e.t e)ual to the ma5imum
&idth of the #olumn i.e. -++ mm. Determine the
de.th of the beam &here T; beam a#tion is not a2ailable.
The beam a#ts as a re#tangular se#tion in the #antile2er
.ortion/ &here the ma5imum .ositi2e moment G 011.0 ,N7m.
d GL @011.0 5 1+
6
7 @.* 5 -++AA G 096 mm
'ro2ide total de.th of *0+ mm. Assuming t&o ro&s of bars
&ith effe#ti2e #o2er of *+ mm.
Bffe#ti2e de.th .ro2ided G dG *0+;*+ G 69+ mm @!ess than
*0+mm and hen#e no side fa#e steel is needed.
1
Chec the depth for Two-wa! 'hear
The hea2er #olumn ( #an .un#h through the footing only if
it shears against the de.th of the beam along its t&o
o..osite edges/ and along the de.th of the slab on the
remaining t&o edges. The #riti#al se#tion for t&o;&ay
shear is ta,en at distan#e d72 @i.e. 69+72 mmA from the
fa#e of the #olumn. Therefore/ the #riti#al se#tion &ill be
ta,en at a distan#e half the effe#ti2e de.th of the slab
@ds72A on the other side as sho&n in Fig.
2
0+ 5 0+ -++ 5 -++
-++
*2++ mm
2+++
mm
(
+.9m
2.*m
1.<m
1.0m
+.920m
"
B
aG+.<m
bG1.*m -.6m
(G-++ 5 -++ mm
2+++ B
D
D(d
b
D(d
s
D(d
b
)*

3n this #ase bGDG-++ mm/ d
b
G69+ mm/ d
s
G1-+ mm
Area resisting t&o ; &ay shear
G 2@b 5 d
b
8 d
s
5 d
s
A 8 2 @D 8 d
b
Ads
G 2 @-++ 5 69+8 1-+ 5 1-+A 8 2@-++869+A 1-+G 9906++ mm
2
Design shearG'
ud
G #olumn load E 1
u
5 area at #riti#al se#tion
G 10++ ; 1** 5@b 8 d
s
A 5 @D 8 d
b
A
G10++;1** 5 @+.-++8+.1-+A 5 @+.-++8 +.69+A
G1**.60,N
P
2
G'
ud
7b
o
dG 1**.6051+++79906++G1.06 M'a
Shear stress resisted by #on#rete G P
u#
G P
u#
5 T
s
&here/ P
u#
G +.20 L f
#,
G +.20L 20 G 1.20 N7mm
2
T
s
G +.0 8 d 7 D G +.0 8 -++7-++ G 1.0 U 1 Cen#e T
s
G 1
P
u# G
1 5 1.20 G 1.20 N7mm
2 .
Therefore =nsafe
-
Area of Steel$ Cantile2er .ortion (D
!ength of #antile2er from the fa#e of #olumn
G1.*; +.-72 G 1.0 m.
=ltimate moment at the fa#e of #olumn
G0-51.0
2
72G<9.20 ,N;m
M
uma5
G .*1 5 -++ 5 69+
2
5 1+
;6
G 696 ,N;m Q <9.20 ,N;m
Therefore Se#tion is singly reinfor#ed.
M
u
7bd
2
G<9.2051+
6
7@-++569+
2
A

G2.10 <.*/ =RS
'
t
G1.11-H
A
st
G++ mm
2
/ 'ro2ide ;O2 mm 8 -;O16 mm at bottom fa#e/
Area .ro2ided G 21* mm
2
!
dt
G < 5 2 G12-9 mm
0
Curtailment
All bottom bars &ill be #ontinued u. to the end of
#antile2er. The bottom bars of ; R 2 &ill be
#urtailed at a distan#e d @G 69+ mmA from the
.oint of #ontra fle5ure @V G 69+ mmA in the .ortion (B &ith its
distan#e from the #entre of su..ort e)ual to 16+ mm from (.
Cantile%er portion "C
!ength of #antile2er from the fa#e of #olumn G<++;0+72 G *20 mm
=ltimate moment G 0- 5 +.*202 72 G < ,N;m
M
u
7bd
2
G<51+
6
7@-++569+2A G+.02 <.*/ =RS
'
t
G+.2-0H @Jreater than minimum steelA
A
st
G66+ mm
2

'ro2ide - ; R 16 mm at bottom fa#e/ Area .ro2ided G 9+- mm
2
Continue all - bars of 16 mm diameter through out at bottom.
6
Region "B between points of contra fle+ures
The beam a#ts as an isolated T; beam.
b
f
G M!
o
7@ !
o
7 b 8-AN 8 b
&
/ &here/
!
o
G -.6 ; +.2+6 ; +.69 G .*1- m G *1- mm
bG a#tual &idth of flange G 2+++ mm/ b
&
G -++ mm
b
f
G

M*1-7@*1-72+++8-A 8 -++N G1+-mm S 2+++mm
D
f
G2++ mm/ M
u
G 629 ,N;m
Moment of resistan#e M
uf
of a beam for 5
u
G D
f
is $
M
uf
G M+.6 5 20 51+- 5 2++@69+ ; +.-252++AN51+
;6

G 11+< ,N.m Q M
u
@ G 629 ,N;mA
*
Therefore F
u
SD
f
M
u
G+.9*f
y
A
st
@d ; f
y
A
st
7f
#,
b
f
A
A
st
G -0-2 mm
2
'ro2ide 0 bars of R 2 mm and bars of R 16 mm/
Area .ro2ided G -+21 8 6+ G -62- mm
2
Q-0-2 mm
2

.
t
G 1++ 5 -62-7@-++569+A G 1.* H
9
Curtailment$
Consider that 2 ; R 2 mm are to be #urtailed
No. of bars to be #ontinued G ; R16 8 ; R 2
gi2ing area G A
st
G+16 mm
2
Moment of resistan#e of #ontinuing bars
M
ur
G @+.9* 5 20+ 5 +16 @69+ E @@20+ 5 +16A 7 @20 5 -++A 5 1+
;6

G <6.6 ,N;m
!et the theoreti#al .oint of #urtailment be at a distan#e 5 from
the free end C/
Then/ M
u#
G M
ur
Therefore ;0- 5
2
7 2 8 1+0+ @5; +.<A G <6.6
5
2
;0.<5 8 *.09 G+/ Therefore 5 G -.+6m or 1.96m from C
<
A#tual .oint of #urtailment G -.+6 8 +.69 G -.*- m
from C or 1.96 ; +.69 G 1.19 m from C
Terminate 2 ; O 2 mm bars at a distan#e of 29+
mm @G 119+ ; <++A from the #olumn A and *6+mm
@G 00++ ; -*-+A from #olumn (. Remaining bars ;
O 2 shall be #ontinued beyond the .oint of
infle#tion for a distan#e of 69+ mm i.e. -6+ mm
from #olumn A and u. to the outer fa#e of #olumn
(. Remaining bars of ; O 16 #ontinued in the
#antile2er .ortion.
-+
Design of shear reinforcement
Portion between column i.e. "B
3n this #ase the #ra#, due to diagonal tension &ill o##ur
at the .oint of #ontra fle5ure be#ause the distan#e of
the .oint of #ontra fle5ure from the #olumn is less than
the effe#ti2e de.th d@G 69+mmA
,i- &a+imum shear force at B . /
uma+
. 010.* 2
Shear at the .oint of #ontra fle5ure
G D
uD
; 9<9.2;0- 5 +.69 G 60*.-9 ,N
P
2
G60*+++7@-++569+A G2.-2 M'a < P
78#a9%
-1
Area of steel a2ailable ; O 16 8 ; O 2 /
A
st
G +16 mm
2
.
t
G 1++ 5 +16 7 @-++ 5 69+A G 1.1H
P
#
G+.66-M'a
P
2
Q P
#
Design shear reinfor#ement is re)uired.
=sing 12 mm diameter - ; legged stirru.s/
S.a#ingG M+.9* 5 20+5@-511AN 7@2.-2;+.66-A5-++ G1< mm
say 12+ mm #7#
Wone of shear reinfor#ements bet&een P
2
to P
#
G m from su..ort ( to&ards A
-2
,ii- &a+imum shear force at "
. /
u ma+
. 345.6 2.
Shear at the .oint #ontra fle5ure G D
uD
G *1.- ; +.2+6

5
0- G 609.0 ,N
P
2
G6090++7@-++569+A G2.-2M'a < P
#/ma5.
Area of steel a2ailable G -62- mm
2
/ .
t
G 1++ 5 -62- 7 @-++ X
69+A G 1.* H
P
u#
G +.**2 N7 mm
2
/
P
2
Q P
#
-
Design shear reinfor#ement is re)uired.
=sing 12 mm diameter - ; legged stirru.s/
S.a#ing G +.9* 5 20+ 5 @- 5 11A 7@2.-2;+.**-A5-++
G1-< mm say 1-+ mm #7#
Wone of shear reinfor#ement.
From A to ( for a distan#e as sho&n in figure
For the remaining #entral .ortion of 1.99 m .ro2ide
minimum shear reinfor#ement using 12 mm diameter 2 ;
legged stirru.s at
S.a#ing / s G +.9* 5 20+ 5 @2 5 11A7@+.- 5 -++AG+*.2
mm/ Say ++ mm #7#S +.*0d
--
Cantile2er .ortion (D
D
uma5
G 6+1.9,N/
D
uD
G6+1.9;0-@+.-++72 8 +.69+A G 2<+.29,N.
P
2
G2<+29+7@-++569+A G1.+6*M'a < P
#/ma5.
A
st
G 21* mm
2
and .
t
G 1++ 5 21*7@-++ 5 69+A G 1.19H
P
#
G+.69N7mm
2
@Table 3S$-06;2+++A
P
2
Q P
#
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<+.-. 'ro2ide minimum steel.
=sing 12 mm diameter 2; legged stirru.s/
S.a#ing G +.9* 5 20+ 5 @2 5 11A 7@+.-5-++A G+*.2 mm
say ++ mm #7#
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Cantile2er .ortion AC
Minimum shear reinfor#ement of R 12 mm
diameters 2 ; legged stirru.s at ++mm #7# &ill
be suffi#ient in the #antile2er .ortions of the
beam as the shear is 2ery less.
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