4.

1
Chapter 4 & 5

Digital & Analog
Transmission
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4.2
4-3 TRANSMISSION MODES (Digital Signal)
The transmission of binary data across a link can be
accomplished in either parallel or serial mode. I n
parallel mode, multiple bits are sent with each clock
tick. I n serial mode, 1 bit is sent with each clock tick.
While there is only one way to send parallel data, there
are three subclasses of serial transmission:
asynchronous, synchronous, and isochronous.
Parallel Transmission
Serial Transmission
Two types of transmission:
4.3
Figure 4.31 Data transmission and modes
4.4
Figure 4.32 Parallel transmission
4.5
Figure 4.33 Serial transmission
4.6
In asynchronous transmission, we send
1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or
more stop bits (1s) at the end of each
byte. There may be a gap between
each byte.
Note
4.7
Asynchronous here means
asynchronous at the byte level,
but the bits are still synchronized;
their durations are the same.
Note
4.8
Figure 4.34 Asynchronous transmission
4.9
In synchronous transmission, we send
bits one after another without start or
stop bits or gaps. It is the responsibility
of the receiver to group the bits.
Note
4.10
Figure 4.35 Synchronous transmission
4.11
In isochronous transmission guarantees
that the data arrive at a fixed rate.
Note
5.12
5-2 ANALOG AND DIGITAL
Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of analog
information by an analog signal. One may ask why we need to
modulate an analog signal; it is already analog. Modulation is
needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass
channel is available to us.
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
Topics discussed in this section:
5.13
Figure 5.15 Types of analog-to-analog modulation
5.14
Figure 5.16 Amplitude modulation
5.15

The total bandwidth required for AM
can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.
Note
5.16
Figure 5.17 AM band allocation
5.17
The total bandwidth required for FM can
be determined from the bandwidth
of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + )B.
Note
5.18
Figure 5.18 Frequency modulation
5.19
Figure 5.19 FM band allocation
5.20
Figure 5.20 Phase modulation
5.21
The total bandwidth required for PM can
be determined from the bandwidth
and maximum amplitude of the
modulating signal:
BPM = 2(1 + )B.
Note