LIQUID PREPARATION

Liquid Preparation
Liquid preparation :
Internal / internal use / Potio
External / external use / topical
Dosage form of liquid or semi-liquid
GENERAL FORMULA
1. Active material (solute)
2. Solvents / carriers Substance / Solvent
a. Other Solvents
Isopropyl Myristic
Isopropyl palmitic
Karosen
Xylene
Liquid paraffin
Oil plants
Crude fat
Cont
b. Water / aquadestilata / H2O
Pure water
Distilled water
Potable water
c. Alcohol / Ethanol / Ethyl alcohol / Spiritus
Alcohol
Spiritus dilutus
Spiritus Fortior
d. Glycerin
Glycerin spisum
Excipient
1. Cosolvent : ethanol, sorbitol
2. Buffer : carbonate, citrate, gluconate, lactate, phosphate
3. Preservatives : Nip-Nip, benzoic acid, BHA, BHT, Na-sulfite, Na-
bisulfite
Terms: odorless, stable, united
4. Corrigens
Saporis / taste, for example: sucrose, glycerin, sorbitol
Koloris / color, for example: carotenoids, chlorophyll,
antosianin
Odoris / scent, for example: orange, strawberry
Antioxidants : for solutions using fatty oils
example : propyl galat, propyl hydroxy toluene
Advantages - Disadvantages
Advantages
1. Dosage evenly
2. Quick absorsption
3. Can be given to children
and the elderly
4. Not irritate the gastric
mucosa

Disadvantages
1. Possibility emulsion
separates and suspension
2. Easy overgrown with
microorganisms
3. Sometimes dose not
appropriate
4. Notice must shaken
5. Packaging, storage, and
carriage of less practical

SOLUTION / SOLUTIO
The solution is a blending of the molecules of two or
more bodies to form a clear liquid
The solution is a homogeneous phase system consisting
of two or more components :
- Solut : solute, the molecular dispersed as
small molecules or ions.
- Solvent : solvent or phase out, the scene of
the dispersion
Example:
Solutio citratis magnesii (magnesium citrate in water)

MIXTURA / MIKSTURA
Pharmaceutical form of liquid / solution of
two or more substances in a solvent
e.g :
Mixtura citratis magnetici (Magnesium
sitrat, Sirupus simplex Spiritus citri)


Terms
1. Generally or if not otherwise stated, are used as the solvent is
water
2. If the solvent used alcohol, called Solutio spirituosa
3. Drug solution that contains a lot of sugar called syrup / syrup
4. If you use a solvent called elixir hidroalkohol
5. Sum up the solution of the active ingredient of natural
substances called tinctura / ekstracta
6. The solution is made of flavor materials called aqua aromatika
7. The solution is made in a certain way is sterile and is intended
for parenteral use is called injection
Formulation of liquid preparation
Determination of drug form very depend on
physicochemical properties active material, excipient
and stability of the preparation.

In principle, determined by:
1. Solubility substance in carrier
2. Stability drug in carrier
3. Absorption and penetration of active material
Solubility
Is the number of solute (grams) in a
solvent (ml)

Solubility EXPRESS IN% w / v

PROCESS solubility
Cohesive
Attraction force
LIST solubility
Very easily soluble = 1: 1
Easily soluble = 1: 10
Soluble = 1: 10-30
Rather difficult to dissolve = 1: 30-100
Difficult to dissolve = 1: 100-1000
Very difficult to dissolve = 1: 1000-10000
Not soluble / insoluble Practical = 1:> 10,000
HOW TO INCREASE solubility
Heating
Refinition, stirring or shaking
Settings with the addition of
buffer pH
The use of cosolvent
Solubilization
Complexation
Chemical modification
WARMING
Chemical solubility will increase with
warming. Care should be taken to:

1. Active material can not stand the heat
2. Volatile solvent (e.g. alcohol)
3. substances dissolve out during heat
(exothermic), e.g. Ca (OH) 2

REFINITION / STIRRING
Intended to reduce the size of the solute
particles.
Surface area of the solute particles will
increase so that more substances are in
contact with solvent.
Also increase circulation contact between the
solvent and solute by refinition/stirring
COSOLVENT
1. Usually used Cosolvent in water soluble
2. Increasing the solubility of weak electrolyte
3. Sometimes the solubility of the drug mixed
solvent > solubility of each solvent
4. Be careful of the possibility of toxicity and
irritation
5. Example of cosolvent : ethanol, sorbitol,
propilenglikol, glycerol
6. Example: 0.4% phenobarbital not soluble in
water. Then the cosolvent used propylene glycol
and glycerin
Additions with SETTINGS buffer pH
1. pH very influence to the solubility of active
material are weak acids or weak base
2. Buffer substances is hold active material pH
changes so that it can remain stable and
soluble
3. Buffer made in accordance with the capacity
needed
4. Should not be toxic and compatible with
other Example: borate buffer, citrat,
phosphate, lactate tartrate
Borate buffer is used only for external
medicines
SOLUBILIZATION
1. To increase the solubility of active material
in water
2. Used Surfactan = Surface active agent
3. Selected according to the nature of the
solvent system, hydrophilic or lipofil
4. Compatible with other components
5. must non-volatile, non-toxic, taste and
smell good
6. Example: vitamins non-soluble water
soluble in fat using Polysorbate surfactan
COMPLEXATION
1. Less soluble substances bind with soluble
substances formed soluble complexes
2. Complex is macromolecule
3. The good thing is a reversible complex,
that it before and after interacted with
biological fluids will deliver medicine
materials
4. Example: mix iodine with PVP 10-15%
solution (iodine solution become larger in
water)
Salisil benzoate and caffeine.
CHEMICAL MODIFICATION
To get the result derivative subtance more
soluble in water.
For example:
1. Chloramphenicol base isnt soluble, change
into (still base) chloramphenicol succinate,
chloramphenicol stearic
2. Hydrocortisone isnt soluble, made salts form
into hydrocortisone acetat
SOLUTION
GENERAL FORMULA preparation:
1. Active material
2. Solvent / carrier
3. Excipient
ACTIVE MATERIAL
1. Generally found in small amounts, except
syrup, syrup; sirupus simplex contains
65% sugar in water
2. Each dose or a particular volume of
preparations containing appropriate
active material
3. Should have the Therapy power
4. Preparation should be easy to use,
comfortable and stable


SOLVENT / CARRIER
Which must be observed:
1. For the solvent; purity, low toxicity, suitable viscosity,
taste, neutral
2. For active material: solvent does not change the
nature of physicochemical of the active material
3. Well-used solvent is water: for parenteral medications,
eye drops, eyewash or injection
4. In a certain condition used cosolvent : alcohol,
glycerin, propilenglikol
5. Aceton, etiloksida, IPA cannt be used for oral because
toxic
6. Fatty oil such as Seed cotton oil, Coconut oil, Sesame
oil, Corn oil can be used for solvent Injection
preparation



EXCIPIENT
1. Cosolvent
2. Buffer
3. Preservative
4. Substances giving taste, flavor
and color (corrigens)
Thank You