TRANSIENT STABILITY

1
2
Power system stability
CIGRE IEEE Definition of Power system stability:
It is the ability of an electric power system, with initial
operating condition, to regain a state of operating
equilibrium, when subjected to a physical disturbance,
with most system variables bounded so that practically
the entire system remains intact.
Short term
Rotor angle stability Frequency stability Voltage stability
Transient
stability
Small
disturbance
Angle stability
Long
term
Short
term
Large
disturbance
voltage
stability
Small
disturbance
voltage
stability
Long
term
Short
term
Power system
stability
3
Transient Stability Studies
Transient stability, is concerned with the ability of the power system to
maintain synchronism when subjected to a severe disturbance, such as
a short circuit on a transmission line.

Non linear swing equation has to be solved:

2
+

sin

Since D=0, swing equation is given as:
M

2
=

sin

4
Classical generator model
Fig. 1: Single machine system connected to infinite bus
Fig. 2: System representation with generator classical model
5
(radian)
t seconds

1

2

3

Unstable
Stable
0.5
0
1
Fig. 3: Variation of rotor angle with time
a
b
c
6
Assumptions for Transient stability study
1. Transmission line as well as synchronous machine resistance are
ignored.
2. Damping term contributed by synchronous machine damper
windings are ignored.
3. Rotor speed is assumed to remain constant.
4. Mechanical input to machine is assumed to remain constant
during the transient.
5. Internal machine voltages are assumed constant.
6. Loads are modeled as constant admittances.
7
Equal area criterion
For stability criterion:

(

0
d = 0

1
=
2

8
Response to a short circuit fault
9
Stable case
10
Response to a fault cleared in t
c2
seconds - unstable case
Unstable case
11
(a) How heavily the generator is initially loaded.
(b) The generator output during the fault. This depends on the
fault location and type.
(c) The fault clearing time.
(d) The post-fault transmission system reactance.
(e) The generator reactance. A lower reactance increases peak
power and reduces initial rotor angle.
(f ) The generator inertia. The higher the inertia, the slower the
rate of change angle. This reduces the kinetic energy gained
during fault, i.e. area A
1
is reduced.
(g) The generator internal voltage magnitude (E
l
). This depends
on the field excitation.
(h) The infinite bus voltage magnitude E
B
.
Factors influencing Transient stability
12
Numerical Integration methods
1. Euler method
2. Modified Euler method
3. Runge-Kutta method

Euler method
Consider a first order differential equation:

= ,
At =

, approximating true solution

|
=

Therefore,
=

|
=

. t
Value of x at t=
1
,

1
=

+ =

|
=

13
Modified Euler method
Modified euler method consists of 2 steps:
a) Predictor step: By using the derivative at the beginning of the step, the value
at the end of the step is calculated
b) Corrector step
14
Fourth order Runge Kutta method
The general formula giving the value of x at (n+1)th step is:
Where,
15
Multi-machine transient stability
The first step is to solve the initial load flow and to determine the initial bus
voltage magnitudes and phase angles. The machine currents prior to
disturbance are calculated from:
All unknown values are determined from the initial power flow solution. The
generator armature resistances are usually neglected and the voltages behind
the transient reactances are then obtained:



All load are converted to equivalent admittances by using the relation:
(1)
(2)
(3)
16
Fig.5: Power system representation for transient stability analysis
To include voltages behind transient reactances, m buses are added to the n
bus power system network. The equivalent network with all load converted to
admittances is shown in Fig.1
17
Nodes n+1, n+2, . . ., n+m are the internal machine buses, i.e., the buses behind
the transient reactances. The node voltage equation with node 0 as reference
for this network, is shown in (4).
(4)
Or,
(5)
Ibus - vector of the injected bus currents
Vbus - vector of bus voltages measured from the reference node.
18
Off-diagonal elements are equal to the negative of the admittance
between the nodes.
The diagonal elements of the bus admittance matrix are the sum of
admittances connected to it.
Since no current enters or leaves the load buses, currents in the n rows are zero.
The generator currents are denoted by the vector Im and the generator and
load voltages are represented by the vector E m and Vn. Then, Equation (4), in
terms of submatrices, becomes:
To eliminate the load buses, the bus admittance matrix in (4) is partitioned
such that the n buses to be removed are represented in the upper n rows.
All nodes other than the generator internal nodes are eliminated using Kron
reduction formula.
(6)
19
The reduced admittance matrix is:
Now substituting into (8), we have
From (7),
The voltage vector Vn may be eliminated by substitution as follows:
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
The reduced bus admittance matrix has the dimensions (m x m), where m is the
number of generators.
(11)
20
Expressing voltages and admittances in polar form, i.e., E'
i
= |E'
i
|
i
and
Y
ij
= | Y
ij
|
ij
, and substituting for Ii in (12), result in
Where
Prior to disturbance, there is equilibrium between the mechanical power input
and the electrical power output, and we have
The electrical power output of each machine can now be expressed in terms of
the machines internal voltages:
or, (12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
21
Yij - elements of the faulted reduced bus admittance matrix
Hi - inertia constant of machine i expressed on the common MVA base SB.
The electrical power of the ith generator in terms of the new reduced bus
admittance matrices are obtained from (14).
The new bus admittance matrix is reduced by eliminating all nodes except the
internal generator nodes. The generator excitation voltages during the fault and
postfault modes are assumed to remain constant.
The classical transient stability study is based on the application of a three-
phase fault. A solid three-phase fault at bus k in the network results in Vk = 0.
This is simulated by removing the kth row and column from the prefault bus
admittance matrix.

The swing equation with damping neglected, for machine i becomes:
(16)
22
In transient stability analysis problem, we have two state equations for each
generator. When the fault is cleared, which may involve the removal of the
faulty line, the bus admittance matrix is recomputed to reflect the change in
the networks.
Showing the electrical power of the ith generator by P
e
f
and transforming (16)
into state variable mode yields:
If H
Gi
is the inertia constant of machine i expressed on the machine rated MVA
S
Gi
, then H
i
is given by:
(17)
(18)
(19)
23
Next, the postfault reduced bus admittance matrix is evaluated and the
postfault electrical power of the ith generator shown by P
pf
i
is readily
determined.
Using the postfault power P
pf
i
, the simulation is continued to determine the
system stability, until the plots reveal a definite trend as to stability or
instability.
Usually the slack generator is selected as the reference machine, and phase
angle difference of all other generators with respect to the reference machine
are plotted.
If the angle differences do not increase, the system is stable. If any of the
angle differences increase indefinitely, the system is unstable.
24
Phase angle difference (fault cleared at 0.4 sec)
25
26