THE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM
AHMAD AMINUDDIN


SCROTUM

ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF THE
SCROTUM
POSTERIOR SCROTAL BRANCH OF
PERINEAL ARTERY
- pudendal internal a.
ANTERIOR SCROTAL BRANCH OF THE
DEEP EXTERNAL PUDENDAL A.
- femoral a.
CREMASTERIC ARTERY
- inferior epigastric a.
THE NERVES OF THE SCROTUM
BRANCHES OF THE LUMBAR PLEXUS
- Genital branch of the genitofemoral n
- anterolateral surface.
- Anterior scrotal n, branches of the ilioingui-
nal n.
- anterior surface.
BRANCHES OF THE SACRAL PLEXUS
- Posterior scrotal n, branches of the perineal
branch of the pudendal n.
- posterior surface.
- Perineal branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous n.
- inferior surface.

TESTIS

TESTIS
Lrngth 5 cm, diameter 2,5 cm, weight 10-15 gr
Descent into the scrotum during the later half
of the seventh month of the fetal development.
Produce spermatozoa and testosteron.
Suspended in the scrotum by the spermaic cord
with the left testis usually hanging more
inferiorly.
The seminiferous tubules contain
spermatogenic cells and sertoli cells


SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE
Spermatogenic cells, the sperm forming cells.
Sertoli cells, support spermatogenesis.
Primordial germ cells arise from the yolk sac and
enter the testis during the fifth week .
In the embryonic testis, the primordial germ cells
differentiate into spermatogonia, which remain
dormant during child hood and actively begin
producing sperm at puberty.
In order of advancing maturity there are primary
spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids
and sperm cells.
Blood-testis barrier : tight junction join neighboring
sertoli cells to one another
SERTOLI CELL
Support and protect developing spermatogenic cells.
Nourish spermatocytes, spermatid and sperm.
Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as
development proceeds.
Control movement of spermatogenic cells.
Release of sperm into lumen.
Producde fluid for sperm transport.
Secrete the hormon inhibin.
Mediate the effects of testosteron and FSH.
LEYDIG CELL
Secrete testosteron, the most prevalent
androgen.
Androgen promote the development of
masculine characteristic.
Testosteron also promotes a man s libido.




EFFECTS OF THE ANDROGENS
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
- Testosteron stimulates the male pattern of
development of reproductive system duct and
the descent of the testis.
- Dehydrotestosterone stimulates development of the
external genital
DEVELOPMENT OF MALE SEXUAL
CHARACTERISRICS
DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
- Androgen cotribute to male sexual behavior and
spermatogenesis and to sex drive in males and females.
STIMULATION OF ANABOLISM
- The heavier musles and bones mass of most man.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DUCTS
EPIDIDYMIS.
DUCTUS DEFERENS.
SPERMATIC CORD.
EJACULATORY DUCTS.
URETHRA.
FUNCTIONS OF ACCESSORY
SEX GLAND SECRETIONS
THE SEMINAL VESICLES secrete alkaline, viscous
fluid that helps neutralize acid in the female
reproductive tract, provides fructose for ATP
production by sperm, contribute to sperm motility and
viability, and helps semen coagulate after ejaculation.
THE PROSTATE secretes a milky, slightly acidic
fluid that helps semen coagulate after ejaculation and
subsequently break down the clot.
THE BULBOURETHRAL ( COWPERS ) GLAND
secrete alkaline fluid that neutralize the acidic
environment of the urethra and mucus that lubricates
the lining of the urethra and the tip of the penis
during sexual intercourse.


SEMEN
MICTURE OF SPERM SEMINAL FLUID, A
LIQUID THAT CONSIST OF SECRETION OF
- SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
- SEMINAL VESICLES.
- PROSTATE.
- BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
VOLUME IN A TYPICAL EJACULATION IS 2 -
5 ml with 50 150 million sperm per mL
THE NUMBER < 20 million/Ml the male is likely to
be infertil
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
FUNCTION OF F.R.S.
The ovaries produce scondary oocytes and hormones,
including progesterone and estrogens ( female sex
hormones ), inhibin and relaxin.
The uterine tubes transport a secondary oocyte to the
uterus and normally are the sites where fertilization
occurs.
The uterus is the site of implantation of a fertilized
ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy,
and labor.
The vagina receives the penis during sexual
intercourse and is a passageway for childbirth.
The mammary glands synthesize, secrete and eject
milk for nourishment of new born.
OVARIES
Are the female gonads, are paired glands.
Produce : - gametes, secondary oocytes that
develop into mature ova ( eggs )
after fertilization.
- hormones, progesterone and estro-
gen ( the female sex hormone ),
inhibin and relaxin.
One on either side of uterus
Ligaments : broad ligament, mesovarium, ovarian
ligament, suspensory ligament





UTERINE TUBE
About 10 cm long.
Provide a route for sperm to reach an ovum and transport
swcondary oocytes and fertilized ova from the ovaries to the
uterus.
Portios : - infundibulum.
- fimbriae.
- ampula.
- isthmus.
The epithelium
- ciliated simple columnar cells.
- non ciliated cells that have microvilli and secrete
a fluid.
UTERUS
Serves a part of the pathway for sperm.
The site of implantation.
The site of development of the fetus and labor
The source of menstrual flow.
The stratum functionalis, lines the uterine
cavity and sloughs off during menstruation.
Stratum basalis, is permanent and gives rise to
a new stratum functionalis after each
menstruation.




CERVICAL MUCUS
A micture of water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes
and inorganic salt.
During reproductive years, female secrete 20 60 Ml
per day.
Hospitable to sperm at or near the time of ovulation,
because it is then less viscous and more alkaline.
At other time, viscous mucus forms a cervical plug.
Suplements the energy need of sperm.
The cervix and cervical mucus protect sperm from
phagocytes and the hostile environmet of the vagina
and uterus.
VAGINA
Long fibromuscular canal lined wih mucous
membrane.
Extends from exterior to the uterine cavity.
Mucosa ; nonkeratinizeed stratified squamous
epithelium.
Muscularis ; - outer circulat layer.
- inner longitudinal layer.
Adventitia
Hymen ; a thin fold of vascularized mucous membran
Vaginal orifice

VULVA
THE MONS PUBIS.
THE LABIA MAJORA.
THE LABIA MINORA.
THE CLITORIS.
THE VESTIBULE.
THE BULB OF THE VERSTIBULE.


THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE
Non pregnant females exhibit cyclical change in the
ovaries and uterus.
Each cycle takes about a month and involves both
oogenesis and preparation of the uterus to receive a
fertilized ovum.
Controled by hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and
ovaries.
Encompases the ovarian and the uterine cycles, the
hormonal changes and regulate them, and the related
cyclical changes in the breasts and cervix

ESTROGEN
Promote the development and maintenance of female
reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics
and the breasts.
Increase protein metabolism, including the building
of strong bones, synergistic with Hgh
Estrogen lower blood cholesterol level.
Moderate level of estrogen in the blood inhibit both
the release of GnRH by the hypothalamus and
secretion of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary.
PROGESTERONE
Secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum.
Cooperates with estrogen to prepare and
maintain the endometrium for implantation of
a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary
glands for milk secretion.
High levels of progerterone also inhibit
secretion of GnRH and LH.