REACTION KINECTIS AND

REACTOR DESIGN

Lecturer : Dr. Rabitah Zakaria
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Proses dan
Makanan
Fakulti Kejuruteraan
UPM

What are the elements of reaction kinetics?
Rates of which different reaction occurs
Factors that affect reaction rates
Reactions mechanisms
Rate limiting steps that control the reaction
Mathematical model describing reaction rate

Reactor Design?

Exploitation of chemical reaction in commercial scale
Sizing of chemical reactor
Determination of best process conditions i.e flow,
temperature, pressure for optimum performance
Types of reactors: Flow patterns
Arrangement of reactors: staged, recycle etc
How materials behave (chemically and physically) within a
reactor





Many chemical reaction occurs during food
processing, packaging and storage which
cause changes in composition and attribute
of the raw materials
Affect the quality and safety of foods
Knowledge of reaction kinetics will allow us
to control the reactions to obtain the best
conditions of a process or storage

Cooking
Preparation of fruit jams
Sucrose hydrolysis to glucose and fructose
Browning of sugar and protein resulting in
darkening and bitter flavors
Pectin polymerization resulting in gelation
Color formation during meat processing
Microbial growth during food processing
Nutrient degradation during thermal
processing
Fermentation process to produce yoghurt
Hydrogenation of cooking oil


Microbial growth
Shelf life prediction
Nutrient degradations

Fermentation of sugar and starch to produce
ethanol
Hydrolysis of xylose to produce xylitol
Transesterification of triglycerides to produce
fatty acid methyl ester
Hydrolysis of triglycerides to free fatty acids
Hydrolysis of cellulose to produce biosugar
Required Text: Levenspiel, O., Chemical
Reaction Engineering, Third Edition. John
Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998
Additional Recommended Texts:
Fogler, H.S., Elements of Chemical Reaction
Engineering, Forth Edition. Prentice-Hall Int. Series,
New Jersey, 2005
Earle, R. Earle ,M., Fundamentals of Food Reaction
Technology (www.
nzifst.org.nz/foodreactiontechnology/index.htm)





Test 1 10 %
Test 2 20 %
Assignment /Quiz 20 %
SCL Project 10 %
Final Exam 40 %


Assignment will generally be assigned on the
lecture period on Fridays.
Due at the beginning at the specified lecture
period.
Only selected problems will be graded
Individual submission. Neatly presented .
You are encouraged to work in group but not to
copy other people works. Copying will be
considered cheating and will lead to disciplinary
action. Plagiarism: 0 Marks
Late homework : 25 % deduction for each
weekday


Purpose :
Review Homework solutions
Practice working difficult problems
Discuss exam questions
Be prepared to be asked to solve problems on
the whiteboard
Time ??



A comprehensives project involving elements
of chemical reaction engineering
Work in group: group will be determined later
Project will be given midway through the
semester
Evaluation: Written Report


Chapter 1 : Overview of Chemical Reaction
Engineering
Chapter 2: Kinetics of Homogenous Reactions
Chapter 3: Interpretation of Homogenous
Reactions
Chapter 4: Reactor Design for Homogenous
Reactions
Chapter 5 :Multi Stage Reactor
Chapter 6: Non ideal reactor
Chapter 7 : Biochemical Reactions
Chapter 8: Biochemical Reactor Systems


Classification of Reactions
Variables Affecting Reaction
Definition of Reaction rate
Definition of Conversion, Selectivity and Yield

A typical chemical process:



Physical
Treatment
i.e. heat
transfer,
size reduction,
Chemical
Reaction
Separation,
purifciation
recycle
products
Homogenous Reactions- take place in ONE
PHASE : implying uniform pressure,
temperature, and composition
Examples : most liquid-phase reactions i.e.
Glucose fermentation to ethanol

Heterogenous Reactions take place in at
least two phases i.e. attack of solids by acids,
burning of coal
-may involve mass transfer limitation as well
as heat transfer limitation



Nature of reactants
Temperature, Pressure
Concentration Effect
Surface Area for heterogeneous reaction
Catalysts

HW: creative problems
Based on fluid volumes:



Based on mass of solid in solid-fluid system

Based on unit interface (two fluid system or
solid in gas solid system)



Based on volume of solid in gas-solid system:

Based on volume of reactor



Relation of reaction rates:

Fundamentals of reaction rate theory ?
aA + bB rR + sS
A +b/a B r/a R +s/a Q

The rate of reaction of all materials are
related by :

aA + bB rR + sS
A +b/a B r/a R +s/a S
Parameter to quantify the fraction consumption of the
(limiting) reactant A in the reaction
Parameter to quantify the amount of the
desired product formed with respect to the
(limiting ) reactant A supplied, taking the
reaction stoichiometry into account

aA + bB pP + sS
A +b/a B p/a P +s/a S
Y
p
= amount of P actually formed =
max. possible amount of P
Parameter to quantify the amount of product
formed with respect to the quantity of the
(limiting) reactant A consumed, taking
reaction stoichiometry into account

S
R,A
= quantity of P formed
quantity of P from A converted
1.1 and 1.2due
Suppose a reaction :
aA + bB rR + sS
A +b/a B r/a R +s/a S
Homogenous Reaction ?
Specific
reaction rate
Example rate law:


Reaction is order with respect to A and order
with respect to B

Overall reaction order n = +

Other Examples
Rate law is determined from experimental
observation
Unit for specific reaction reaction rate ??
-r
A
= k
A
C
A

C
B

-r
A
= k
A
C
A
C
B
Reaction order of each species is identical with the
stoichiometric coefficient of that species as written
Elementary reactions usually indicates single step
reaction
Example:
B +2D 3T is an elementary reaction


-r
B
=
-r
D
=
r
T
=
Indicating that the reaction occurs through a series of
elementary reaction
2B D +C elementary and reversible
rate
net
= rate
forward
+ rate
reverse

-r
B
,
forward
= k
B
C
B
2
r
B
,
reverse
= k
-B
C
D
C
C

r
B
,
net
= k
B
C
B
2
-k
-B
C
D
C
C
r
B
,
net
= k
B
(C
B
2
-k
-B /
k
B
C
D
C
C
)

k
-B /
k
B =
K
c
= Concentration equilibrium
constant
For a reversible reaction, the concentration at
equilibrium are related by thermodynamic relationship
for the equilibrium constant

2B D +C
K
c
= C
D
C
C
C
B
2
Need to check whether the rate law is thermodynamically
consistent at equilibrium
At equilibrium r
B
= 0

r
B
,
net
= k
B
(C
B
2
C
D
C
C/
K
c
) =0 K
c
= ?
Commonly cited rule of thumb :
rate double with 10 deg C in temperature

Apply to all ?
How does temperature affect reaction with
high E compared to low E ?
Sensitivity decrease with increasing
temperature
In a continuous liquid sterilising operation , the
product need to be heated at a holding
temperature of 118 deg C for 7 min . One
morning you discover from the product output
that fluid pumps has unaccountably increased
the flowrate by 30%. The only available way to
rectify it in the short term to get usable product
is to increase the reaction rate of spore
destruction by 30%. This can be done by lifting
the holding temperature. To what temperature
should you lift it?.
E for bacteria spore destruction= 298 KJ/mol
R = 8.314 J/mol/K