UNIT II

RESERVOIR
A TER is a large body of infinite heat
capacity,which is capable of absorbing or
rejecting an unlimited quantity of heat
without suffering appreciable change in its
thermodynamic coordinates.
Source: A TER from which heat Q is
transferred to the system operating in a heat
engine cycle is called the source.
Examples
Sink: A TER to which heat Q is rejected from the
system during a cycle is called the sink.

Example:A typical sink is a river or Atmosphere


Example:A typical source is a constant temperature
Furnace where fuel is continuously burnt .
HEAT ENGINE
Heat Engine
Thermal Efficiency,

th
The thermal efficiency is the index of performance of a work-
producing device or a heat engine and is defined by the ratio of the
net work output (the desired result) to the heat input (the costs to
obtain the desired result).
Net Work ouput
Heat Input
th

For a heat engine the desired result is the net work done and the
input is the heat supplied to make the cycle operate. The thermal
efficiency is always less than 1 or less than 100 percent.

th
net out
in
in out
in
out
in
W
Q
Q Q
Q
Q
Q

,
1
Heat engine
Q
H

Q
L

T
H

T
L

W
net

HEAT ENGINE

PMM-2





A Machine which converts heat energy from
the surrounding atmosphere into work and
gives 100% efficiency.

If Q
2
=0 (i.e W net=Q
1,
or Efficiency=100%),

The heat engine will produce net work in a
complete cycle cycle by exchanging heat with
only one reservoir, thus violating the Kelvin
Planck statement. Such a heat engine is called
a perpetual motion machine of the second
kind,PMM2.A PMM2 is thus impossible.
REFRIGERATOR
COP-REFRIGERATOR
COP=Desired Effect/Work input

COP=Q
LOW
/W

COP=Q
2
/W

COP=Q
2
/Q
1
-Q
2

HEAT PUMP
Heat Pump
A heat pump is defined as a device that transfers heat from a
low-temperature source to a high-temperature one. Ex: a heat
pump to extract energy from outside cold outdoor air into the
warm indoors.
Heat pump
Q
H

Q
L

T
H

T
L

W
net

13
Coefficient of Performance, COP

The index of performance of a refrigerator or heat pump is expressed
in terms of the coefficient of performance, COP, the ratio of desired
result to input. This measure of performance may be larger than 1,
and we want the COP to be as large as possible.
Refrigeration Effect
Work Input
COP

Coefficient of Performance (COP):



COP
Q
W
Q
Q Q
HP
H
net in
H
H L

,
COP
Q
Q Q
R
L
H L

Note, under the same operating conditions the COP

HP
and COP
R
are related by
COP COP
HP R
1
14
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The following two statements of the second law of thermodynamics
are based on the definitions of the heat engines and heat pumps.

Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law

It is impossible for a heat engine to produce net work in a complete
cycle if it exchanges heat only with bodies at a single fixed
tempearture.

The Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics
states that no heat engine can produce a net amount of work while
exchanging heat with a single reservoir only. In other words, the
maximum possible efficiency is less than 100 percent.
15

th
< 100%




Heat engine that violates the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second
law.
If Q
2
=0 (W
net
=Q
1
,or Efficiency=100%) the heat engine will produce
network in a complete cycle by exchanging heat with only one
reservoir,thus violating K-P Statement.Such a engine is called PMM2.
Heat engine
Q
H

T
H

W
net

CLAUSIUS STATEMENT
It is impossible to construct a device which,
operating in a cycle ,will produce no effect
other than the transfer of heat from a cooler to
a hotter body.
17
Heat pump that violates the Clausius statement of the second law

Or energy from the surroundings in the form of work or heat has to
be expended to force heat to flow from a low-temperature medium
to a high-temperature medium.


Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius
statements

Violation of Clausius statementViolation of
Kelvin-Planck statement.

Violation of Kelvin-Planck statementViolation of
Clausius statement.
Equivalence of K-P and Clausisus
EXAMPLE-Violation of Clausisus leads
to violation of Kelvin-Planck
Consider a cyclic heat pump P which transfers
heat from a low temperature reservoir(t
2
) to a
high temperature reservoir (t
1
) with no
expenditure of work-Violating Clausius
Statement.
Let us assume a cyclic heat engine E operating
between the same thermal energy reservoir,
producing W
net
in one cycle. It draws Q
1
from hot
reservoir equal to that discharged by heat pump.

---Continued-----
Then the hot reservoir can be eliminated and
heat discharged by heat pump is fed to the
heat engine.
We see that the Heat pump P and Heat engine
E acting together constitute a heat engine
operating in cycle and producing net work
while exchanging heat only with bodies at
single fixed temperature.Thus violating the
Kelvin-Planck Statement.
Equivalence of K-P and Clausisus
EXAMPLE-Violation of Kelvin -Planck
leads to violation of Clausisus
Consider a PMM2(E) which produces net work
in a cycle by exchanging heat with only one
thermal energy reservoir(t
1
) violating K-P
Statement.
Assume a cyclic heat pump(P) extracting heat
Q
2
from a low temperature reservoir at t
2
and
discharging heat to a high tempearture
reservoir t
1
with the expenditure of work W
equal to what PMM2 delivers.
---continued----
So E and P together constitute a heat pump
working in cycles and producing the sole
effect of transferring heat from a lower to a
higher temperature body, thus violating the
Clausius Statement.
CARNOT CYCLE
CARNOT CYCLE
THEORY
DERIVATION
Note:Scanned from
Thermodynamics by
C.P.Kothandaraman.