Artificial Intelligence

Applications to
Power System Protection
By
Hossam Eldin Abdallah Talaat
System fault Diagn. Rotating Machines
Scope of the Study
Transmission Line
1. Fault Classification
5. AC/DC Transmission
2. Direction Discriminat
3. Distance Relaying
4. Series Compensated l.
12. Distribution Protect.
13. Out of Step Protect.
14. Relay Setting& Coor
10. Alarm Processing
11. Faulted Section Est.
AI Applications to Digital Protection
Direction
Discrimination
AC/DC
Transmission
Systems
Fault
Classification
Distance
Relaying
Series
Compensated
Line
6. Winding Protection
7. Incipient Fault Detect
Transformer
8. Differential Relaying
9. Fault Diagnosis
Differential
Relaying
Transformer
Fault Diagnosis
Winding
Protection
Incipient Fault
Detection
Out-of-Step
Protection
Faulted Section
Estimation
Relay Setting&
Coordination
Distribution
System
Protection
Alarm
Processing
Reliability
Max service
continuity with min
system disconnection

Speed
Min fault time &
equipment damage

Dependability
Ability to perform
correctly when
needed
Security
Ability to avoid
unnecessary
operation
Objectives of Power
System Protection
Reliability
Dependability Security
Simplicity
Economy
Speed Selectivity
Selectivity
Max service
continuity with min
system disconnection
Simplicity
Min equipment and
circuitry
Economy
Max performance at
min cost
Functional Requirements of Power System Protection
Performance
1900 years 1960 1975 2000
Electromechanical Relays
Microprocessor-
Based Relays
(Digital)

Static
Relays
Electronic
Circuits
Digital ICs
(mP,DSP,ADC,)
Digital Proc.
Algorithms
Digital ICs
(mP,DSP,ADC,
neuro-IC
fuzzy-IC)
AI-based
Methods
Communication
Facility
AI-Based Relays
(I ntelligent)

Development in Power System Relaying
Characteristics of Digital Relaying
Self-diagnosis: improving reliability.
Programmability: multi-function, multi-
characteristic, complex algorithms.
Communication capability: enabling
integration of protection & control.
Low cost: expecting lower prices.
Concept: no significant change (smart
copy of conventional relays).
XX - - -
Relay setting& coordination
- - - XX
HIF detection
- - - XX
Transformer fault diagnosis
- - XX X
Transformer differ. relaying
- X - XX
Machine Winding Relaying
X XX X X
Distance Relaying
- XX X X
TL fault classification
selectivity Speed Security Dependability
Protection Area
Shortcomings of Conventional Protection Systems
Key: - no problem, X some problems, XX big problems
Motivation for AI-Based Protection
Enabling the introduction of new relaying
concepts capable to design smarter, faster,
and more reliable digital relays.
Examples of new concepts: integrated
protection schemes, adaptive protection &
predictive protection.
Artificial Intelligence
(AI) Techniques
Expert System
(ES)
Fuzzy Logic
(FL)
Approximate
Reasoning
Artificial
Neural
Network
(ANN)
Symbolic Knowledge
Representation

Computational
Knowledge
Representation
Exact
Reasoning
Classification of AI Techniques
Characteristics of Artificial
Neural Networks (ANN)
o Network design
using trial & error (no.
of layers, no. of
neurons in hidden
layer, learning rate,
etc.
o Generation of large
training set.
Powerful pattern classification.
Optimization capabilities.
Fast response.
Fault tolerant (noise).
Excellent generalization.
Trend prediction.
Good reliability.
Drawbacks Advantages
MLP (Back-propagation): Classifiaction and Nonlinear
Mapping
Kohonen (Self-organizing Map): Feature Extraction
Hopfield (Recurrent): Optimization
Samples of 3-ph
Voltages & Currents
Filtered Samples
Simulation
Environment
EMTP

Fault type,
location &
duration
System model,
parameters &
operating
conditions
Pattern
Classifier
Performance Evaluation
Anti-
aliasing
& other
Filters

Feature
Extraction
Training Set
Testing Set
Classifier output
(training)
Pattern
Classifier
Training target
Classifier
parameters
Training error
Testing target
Testing error
Classifier output
(testing)
Steps of Designing an AI-Based Protective Scheme
Modules of Intelligent Transmission Line Relaying
Fault
Detection
Trip Signal
Data
Processing
Transmission Line
Fault Identification
Direction
Discrimination
Fault
Location
Arcing
Detection
Faulted Phase
selection
Fault Type
Classification
Decision Making
Features
V
I
Application 1
Transmission Line Fault Classification

Conventional schemes: cannot adapt to
changing operating condtions, affected by
noise& depend on DSP methods (at least 1-
cycle).
Single-pole tripping/autorecloser SPAR
requires the knowledge of faulted phase (on
detecting SLG Single-pole tripping is
initiated, on detecting arcing fault recloser is
initiated).
Motivation
ANN4
20-15-10-1
ANN1
30-20-15-11
Control Logic
Arcing
fault
phase-T
1/4 cycle
each
(5 samples)
V
R
,V
S
,V
T

I
R
,I
S
,I
T


ANN3
20-15-10-1
Decision
K
N
O
W
L
E
D
G
E

B
A
S
E
One
cycle
each
(20
samples)
V
S


V
T


V
R


Arcing
fault
phase-S
Arcing
fault
phase-R
ANN2
20-15-10-1
Enabling Signals
Fault Type
RST

RG

Transmission Line Relaying Scheme
45000
training
patterns
5-7 ms
25 ms
RG
SG
TG
RS
ST
TR
RSG
STG
TRG
RST
Normal
Input Layer
Hidden Layer 1
Output Layer
(11 )
V
R
(k)
I
R
(k)
V
S
(k)
I
S
(k)
V
T
(k
)
I
T
(k)
V
T
(k-4)
I
T
(k-4)
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hidden Layer 2
(15 )
(20 )
(30 )
Input
voltage
&current
samples
Detailed Topology of ANN1
Other AI Applications
Fuzzy & fuzzy-neuro classifiers used for fault type
classification (1-cycle).
Pre-processing: 1- Changes in V&I,
2- FFT to obtain fundamental V&I,
3- Energy contained in 6 high freq. bands obtained
from FFT of 3-ph voltage.
Measures from two line ends.
Implementation of a prototype for ANN-based
adaptive SPAR relay using transputer system
(T800).
Application 2:
Distance Relaying

Motivation
Changing the fault condition, particularly in
the presence of DC offset in current
waveform, as well as network changes lead
to problems of underreach or overreach.
Conventional schemes suffer from their
slow response.
AI Applications in Distance Relaying
Using ANN schemes with samples of V&I
measured locally, while training ANN with
faults inside and outside the protection zone.
Same approach but after pre-processing to get
fundamental of V&I through half cycle DFT
filter.
Combining conventional with AI: using ANN
to estimate line impedance based on V&I
samples so as to improve the speed of
differential equation based algorithm.
AI Applications in Distance Relaying
Pattern Recognition is used to establish the
operating characteristics of zone-I. The
impedance plane is partitioned into 2 parts:
normal and fault. Pre-classified records are
used for training.
Application of adaptive distance relay using
ANN,where the tripping impedance is
adapted under varying operating conditions.
Local measurements of V&I are used to
estimate the power system condition.
Application 3:
Machine Winding Protection
Motivation
If the generator is grounded by
high impedance, detection of
ground faults is not easy (fault
current < relay setting).
Conventional algorithms suffer
from poor reliability and low speed
(1-cycle).
DFT Filtering
In5 In6 In3 In4 In1 In2
I
a2
I
b2
I
b1
I
a1
R
a
I
c1
I
c2
A
C
B
L-L
ANN2
L-L-L
ANN3
L-G
ANN1
Output Output Output
I
ad
(n) = I
a1
(n)- I
a2
(n)
I
aa
(n) = ( I
a2
(n) + I
a1
(n) )/2
ANN-Based Generator Winding Fault Detection
Current Manipulator
I
cd
(n)
I
ca
(n)
I
bd
(n) I
ba
(n)
I
ad
(n)
I
aa
(n)
Sampling
I
b2
(n) I
c2
(n) I
c1
(n) I
a2
(n) I
a1
(n)
I
b1
(n)
Hardware Implementation
Fuzzy Processors:
Siemens SAE81C99: 256/128 I/O, 16384
rules, 10 M fuzzy logic instruction per sec.
Siemens SAE81C991: 4096/1024 I/O,
131072 rules, 10 M FL instruction per sec.
Neuro-Processors:
Analog or Digital implementation but not
yet commercialized.
Example: 1000 neuron, 1M synapses,
1.37M connection per sec.

Hardware Implementation
Advanced Communication Systems:
Synchronized sampling can be obtained at
0.2-0.5ms using Global Positioning
Systems (GPS) satellite.


CONCLUSIONS
Expert Systems of system fault diagnosis and
relay coordination has been practically
Implemented.
Some prototypes of ANN-based relays have
been implemented and tested using laboratory
setups.
Major problem facing the practical application
of AI-based relays is the generation of training
patterns from comprehensive computer
simulation.
Setting and coordination of relays in
complex power networks requires computer
aids especially for meshed networks.
The problem is non-algorithmic, i.e.,
application of expert system ES is needed.
Application 7:
Relays Setting & Coordination
Motivation
Formation of
Primary/ Backup
Pairs Rules
Loop
Enumeration
Rules
Break
Points
Rules
Relative
Sequence Vector
Rules
Set of
Sequential Pairs
Rules
Setting and
Coordination
Rules
Facts
Control Rules
Inference
Engine
Agenda
13 14
18 17
22 11
20
21
19
12
16
15
24 23
1
4 3
5 2
Expert System for Setting& Coordination of Distance Relays
loop 1 23 22
loop 2 24 11
loop 3 11 21 18 16 14
loop 4 23 21 18 16 14
.
.
loop 11 19 11 21
loop 12 19 23 21
break-points 23 11 17 12
break-points 23 11 15 12
break-points 23 11 13 12
chosen-B.P. 23 11 17 12
RSV 23 11 17 12 15 13 24 22 14 16 21
SSP 23 21 23 22
SSP 11 24 11 21
.
SSP 21 23 21 11 21 13 21 16

Rule 3: Primary/Backup Pairs
If Relay (R1) is located on line (L1) at bus (B1),
AND Line (L1) is connected between bus (B1) & bus (B2),
AND Relay (R2) is located on line (L2) at bus (B2);
AND Line (L2) is not line (L1),
THEN Relay (R1) acts as a buckup to relay (R2)

Rule 9: Zone-2 Overlap
If Relay (R1) is a buckup to relay (R2),
AND Zone-2 setting for relay (R1) is (X12),
AND Zone-1 setting for relay (R2) is (X21),
AND Relay (R1) is located on line (L1)
AND Line (L1) has a reactance equal (Xp),
AND (X12-Xp) > (X21),
AND Time delays of zone-2 of (R1) and zone-2 of (R2) are equal;
THEN Increase time delay of zone-2 for relay (R1) by one grading time
unit (0.2 s)


Structure of Rule-Based Expert System
Knowledge
Acquisition
Facility
Explanation
Facility
User Interface
Knowledge
Base
(Rules)
Inference Engine
Data
Base
(facts)
Definition: Expert System
is a computer program
that uses knowledge and
inference procedures to
solve problems that are
ordinarily solved through
human expertise
ANN Models
Feedback
Constructed Trained Nonlinear
Adaptive
Resonance
Hopfield
(recurrent)
Linear
Kohonen
(Self-
Organizing
Map)
Unsupervised Supervised
MLP
(Back-
Propagation
Feed
Forward
Classification of ANN Models
Fuzzy If-Then Rules
If X1 is BIG and X2 is SMALL
Then Y is ON,
If X1 is BIG and X2 is BIG
Then Y is OFF.
..
Defuzzification
Fuzzy
Inference
Inference methods:
Max-Min composition,
Max-Average comp., ..
Fuzzification
Membership
functions
Input
variables
Defuzzification
methods:
Center of area
Center of sums
Mean of Maxima,..
Output
Decision
X1 is 20% BIG&
80% MEDIUM
Main Components of Fuzzy Logic Reasoning


M
E
A
S
U
R
I
N
G

U
N
I
T
V
V
V
R12
R55
R54
R53
R52
R51
R15
R14
R13
R11
R24 R44 R34
R25 R35 R45
R23 R43 R33
R22 R32 R42
R41 R31 R21
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
c- Fuzzy Rule-based Classification