Final Exam Information

Protein Synthesis
Organs and Organ Systems
Systems: Digestive, Circulatory,
Lymphatic, Immune, Respiratory,
Reproductive

Ecosystems and Human Impact

 Protein Synthesis
• What is the role of DNA and RNA?
• What are the differences among mRNA,
rRNA, and tRNA?
• Transcription, translation—what are they?
• Beginning with DNA, how is a protein
made?
• What is the structure of DNA?
• What is a mutation? A frameshift mutation?
• What is the genetic code?
 Protein Synthesis (contd)
• What is the structure of proteins?
• How is protein synthesis ended?
• Distinguish among initiation, elongation,
and termination
 Hierarchy of Organization
• Atoms, molecules
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Organ systems
• Organisms
• Interactions among organisms
 Organs in the Body
• Located in cavities
– Which major organs are in which cavities?
• Thoracic
• Abdominal
• What is the difference between positive
and negative feedback?
 What do Organ Systems Do?
Summarize Each in 1 Sentence
• Digestive
• Circulatory
• Respiratory
• Reproductive
• Endocrine
• Urinary
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Skeletal
 Digestive System
• Herbivores need special enzymes—why?
• What are the organs in which digestion
takes place?
• What role does each organ have?
• Where is each type of molecule digested?
• What do sphincters do?
• What does bile do?
• What are the processes involved in
digestion and in what order?
 Circulatory System
• Where in the blood is oxygen carried?
• What is pulmonary circulation?
• What is systemic circulation?
• How do arteries differ from veins?
– What direction relative to the heart does blood
travel in arteries vs. veins? (away from or
toward the heart)
– What do capillaries do?
• Describe the flow of blood through the
heart, naming the chambers and vessels
• What is myocardium?
 Circulatory System
• What is blood pressure?
• What is hemoglobin?
• What is plasma?
 Lymphatic System
• What does the lymphatic system do?
• What are lymph nodes for?
 Respiratory System
• Where does blood pick up oxygen?
• Where does blood release oxygen?
• What happens in the thoracic cavity during an
inhalation? During an exhalation?
• What are the gases in air?
• What are vocal cords and where are they?
• What are alveoli and what do they do?
• What role does the diaphragm in respiration?
• What is the gas whose level regulates breathing?
 Immune System
• What does the body make to defend
itself?
• What happens when the body attacks
itself?
• What is AIDS?
• What is a vaccination?
• What is an antigen? What is an antibody?
• What is an allergy?
 Reproductive System
• Where are sperm produced? Stored?
• Where are eggs produced? Fertilized?
Implanted?
• What is a zygote?
• What is the difference between a zygote
and a gamete? Which is diploid and
which is haploid?
• What are the extraembryonic membranes
and what do they do?
• What causes birth defects?
 Populations
• What is a population?
• What limits growth of a population?
• What is a community?
• What is a niche?
• What is carrying capacity?
 Ecosystems
• What are autotrophs? Heterotrophs?
• What are producers? Consumers?
• What happens to the energy in
ecosystems?
• What is biological magnification?
• What is a keystone species?
• What is an ecosystem?
• What is symbiosis? What is succession?
 Biodiversity
• What is biodiversity?
• What limits biodiversity?
• What is a biome?
• Where in the world is it high? Low?
• Why do species go extinct?
• What are greenhouse gases?
• What does ozone do?