19 Mar 2010

GROWTH POTENTIAL AND

PROSPECTS IN INDIA
Reliance Industries Limited

one of the most romisin! and faster !ro"in!

areas for !lo#al and indian te$tile industr%

indisensi#le art of human life

encomasses immense ran!e and di&ersit% of ra"

materials' rocesses' roducts and alications

accounts for o&er one()uarter of all te$tile

consumtion in "ei!ht terms

la%s crucial role in indian econom% and

infrastructural de&eloment
19 Mar 2010

technical te$tiles are de*ned as te$tile

materials and roducts used rimaril% for
their technical erformance and functional
roerties rather than their aesthetic or
decorati&e characteristics

deendin! on the roduct characteristics'

functional re)uirements and end(use
alications' these ha&e #een !roued into
+, se!ments
19 Mar 2010

a!rotech -a!riculture' horticulture and forestr%.

#uildtech -#uildin! and construction.

clothtech -shoes and clothin!.

!eotech -!eote$tiles' ci&il en!ineerin!.

hometech -furniture' uholster%' interior

furnishin!' household te$tiles' /oor co&erin!.

indutech -*lteration' cleanin! and other industrial

uses.

medtech -medical' healthcare and h%!iene.

mo#iltech -automo#iles' shiin!' rail"a%s and

aerosace.

oe0otech -en&ironmental rotection.

ac0tech -ac0a!in!.

rotech -erson and roert% rotection.

sorttech -sort and leisure.

19 Mar 2010

"orld mar0et for technical te$tiles at ,+ mn tonnes

-us1 +,2 #n. durin! ,223(24 is e$ected to
increase to ,5 mn tonnes -us1+67 #n. #% ,2+, "ith
a ca!r of 8 ( 9 : deendin! on the area of
alication

*#re consumtion in technical te$tiles "as ,, :

of total *#res consumed in ,229

the dri&ers for future !ro"th are e$ected to #e

asian countries li0e china and india; the !ro"th in
asia is e$ected to #e 5;9 ercent "hile it "ould #e
merel% ,;, ercent in de&eloed countries

sector("ise hi!her !ro"th rates are for indutech'

#uildtech' medtech' !eotech' ac0tech and
a!rotech; #ut rotech is imortant in &ie" of
safet%;
19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010
,229 ,229 ,2+2 ,2+2 CAGR : CAGR :
-<OL;. -<OL;.
=>ANTIT? =>ANTIT?
-mn TONNES. -mn TONNES.
+7;546 +7;546 ,6;338 ,6;338 6;4 6;4
<AL>E <AL>E
-#n >S1. -#n >S1.
+25;477 +25;477 +,3;,43 +,3;,43 6;8 6;8
19 Mar 2010
REGION @ REGION @
CO>NTR? CO>NTR?
,229 ,229 ,229 ,229 ,2+2 ,2+2 ,2+2 ,2+2 29 ( +2 29 ( +2
<OL; -mn <OL; -mn
T. T.
<AL>E <AL>E
->S1 #n. ->S1 #n.
<OL; -mn <OL; -mn
T. T.
<AL>E <AL>E
->S1 #n. ->S1 #n.
CAGR : CAGR :
-<OL;. -<OL;.
E>ROPE E>ROPE
-WEST. -WEST.
8;+23 8;+23 ,6;754 ,6;754 8;352 8;352 ,+;283 ,+;283 6;2 6;2
E>ROPE E>ROPE
-EAST. -EAST.
2;555 2;555 8;946 8;946 2;4+3 2;4+3 9;,,9 9;,,9 8;, 8;,
AAERICA AAERICA
-NORTH. -NORTH.
8;338 8;338 ,6;3+2 ,6;3+2 9;97+ 9;97+ ,3;95+ ,3;95+ 6;, 6;,
AAERICA AAERICA
-SO>TH. -SO>TH.
+;228 +;228 5;684 5;684 +;,62 +;,62 3;,99 3;,99 8;+ 8;+
ASIA ASIA
INDIA INDIA
4;27+ 4;27+
1.573 1.573
84;82+ 84;82+
4.905 4.905
+2;+95 +2;+95
2.075 2.075
59;+95 59;+95
6.774 6.774
9;2 9;2
5.8 5.8
OCEANIA OCEANIA 2;++5 2;++5 2;934 2;934 2;+8+ 2;+8+ 2;3+, 2;3+, 6;7 6;7
TOTAL TOTAL +7;546 +7;546 +25;47 +25;47
7 7
,6;338 ,6;338 +,3;,4 +,3;,4 6;43 6;43
19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010
SECTOR SECTOR ,229 ,229 ,229 ,229 ,2+2 ,2+2 ,2+2 ,2+2 CAGR : CAGR : CAGR : CAGR :
<OL>AE <OL>AE <AL>E <AL>E <OL>AE <OL>AE <AL>E <AL>E <OL>AE <OL>AE <AL>E <AL>E
AGROTECH AGROTECH +5+9 +5+9 5954 5954 +794 +794 4237 4237 6;99 6;99 6;48 6;48
B>ILDTECH B>ILDTECH ,266 ,266 3,75 3,75 ,97+ ,97+ 76,9 76,9 8;56 8;56 8;36 8;36
CLOTHTEC CLOTHTEC
H H
+8+6 +8+6 32+8 32+8 +595 +595 4625 4625 ,;79 ,;79 6;+7 6;+7
GEOTECH GEOTECH 6+7 6+7 7,3 7,3 8+6 8+6 +,26 +,26 8;78 8;78 8;74 8;74
HOAETECH HOAETECH ,877 ,877 35,, 35,, ,496 ,496 4334 4334 ,;32 ,;32 ,;55 ,;55
IND>TECH IND>TECH ,5,8 ,5,8 +5543 +5543 6,93 6,93 ,+9,4 ,+9,4 6;74 6;74 8;49 8;49
AEDTECH AEDTECH +7,4 +7,4 5532 5532 ,642 ,642 4,64 4,64 8;86 8;86 8;66 8;66
AOBILTECH AOBILTECH ,4,4 ,4,4 ,545+ ,545+ 6664 6664 ,7,4, ,7,4, 6;2, 6;2, +;68 +;68
PACCTECH PACCTECH ,772 ,772 96,7 96,7 6525 6525 5562 5562 6;9, 6;9, 8;,2 8;,2
PROTECH PROTECH ,37 ,37 9436 9436 682 682 5493 5493 6;56 6;56 ,;4, ,;4,
SPORTTEC SPORTTEC
H H
++96 ++96 +529, +529, +64, +64, +725, +725, 6;82 6;82 6;,+ 6;,+
OECOTECH OECOTECH ,43 ,43 +267 +267 822 822 +647 +647 5;89 5;89 9;53 9;53
TOTAL TOTAL +754+ +754+ +25477 +25477 ,6338 ,6338 +,3,44 +,3,44 6;97 6;97 6;42 6;42
19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010
DIBRE DIBRE
T?PE T?PE
,222 ,222 ,229 ,229 ,2+2 ,2+2 CAGR : CAGR :
NAT>RAL NAT>RAL 685, 685, 6467 6467 8883 8883 ,;98 ,;98
AAN( AAN(
AADE@ AADE@
INORGANIC INORGANIC
+6,9, +6,9, +9486 +9486 +76,3 +76,3 6;49 6;49
TOTAL TOTAL +53+8 +53+8 +754, +754, ,6338 ,6338 6;97 6;97

POL?ESTER ( ,9 :

POL?OLEDINS ( ,9 :

GLASS ( +9 :

E>TE' COIR' ETC; ( +8 :

COTTON ( 3 :

<ISCOSE ( 6 :

OTHER CELL>LOSICS ( 6 :

POL?AAIDE ( 3 :

ARAAID AND CARBON DIBRES ( + :

19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010

fa#ric ( 53 :

unsun *#res ( ,8 :

%arns ( 27 :

*#re roducts include *#re reinforced concrete

and comosites' cushionin!' *llin!s' insulation
F sorts e)uiments' to%s

%arn roducts include sutures' roes' *shin!

!ears' shoe laces' s"in!s

fa#rics can #e "o&en' 0nitted and non("o&en

and co&er all sectors of technical te$tiles
19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010

INDIGENO>S PROD>CTION OD TECHNICAL

TEGTILES IS LIAITED AND SCATTERED
AAINL? IN SAALL F AEDI>A SECTORS

THE DEAAND DOR AAN? ITEAS IS AET

THRO>GH IAPORTS e;!; DEDENCE AND
POLICE

LARGE >NTAPPED POTENTIAL EGISTS DOR

POTENTIAL IN<ESTORS

SOAE OD THE PROD>CTS CAN BE PROD>CED

B? AINOR ALTERATION IN EGISTING SET >P
19 Mar 2010

in man% de&eloed countries -e;!; usa and

Haan. technical te$tiles account for o&er
69 ercent of the te$tile industr%Is outut
as a!ainst +7 : for china and 9 : for india

rimaril% acti&e in the clothtech' ac0tech

and sorttech sectors

limited to commodit% roducts

&er% little resence in hi!h tech se!ments

there is a !eneral ercetion that

technical te$tiles are redominantl%
roduced in lar!e scale sector #ut it is true
onl% to limited e$tent
19 Mar 2010

indi!enous roduction and J&alue for mone%I

ricin! concet "ill e$lode the mar0et

India' the fourth lar!est econom% in terms of

urchasin! o"er arit% -. -after usa' china F
Haan. is a !ro"in! mar0et of one #illion lus
eole' of "hich 622 million eole are middle
class consumers

the consumtion of disosa#le se!ment of

technical te$tiles is directl% related to the
disosa#le income

considerin! the a#o&e' o&er all !ro"th of technical

te$tiles is estimated at +8 ercent er annum "ith
aroriate olic% re!ime and accordin!l% the
mar0et siKe for technical te$tiles "ill increase from
rs; 63+22 crores in ,223(24 to rs; 5,8,2 crores in
,2+,(+6 -icra stud%. at a ca!r of ++ :
19 Mar 2010

the &alue addition in technical te$tiles is steadil%

shiftin! from ra" materials and intermediate roducts
to do"nstream industries "here india has a stron!
#ase

lo" cost s0illed la#our is hi!hl% cometiti&e as

comared to de&eloed countries

decentralised sectorIs contri#ution in technical

te$tiles is si!ni*cant for their !ro"th in india

indian te$tile industr% is fundamentall% stron! "hich

can #e useful in commodit% mar0ets of technical
te$tiles throu!h cost cometiti&e structure

in the hi!h niche mar0et' india has ad&anta!e of

net"or0 of rFd institutions for de&eloin! ne"
technolo!ies
19 Mar 2010

dominance of decentralised sector L inade)uate

resources and *nance

a#sence of re!ulator% le!islation

a#sence of re)uired standards on )ualit% of

roducts and codes of ractices

deterrants for entrereneursM

dou#t a#out future mar0et otential of

technical te$tiles in &ie" of a#sence of
re!ulation and needed consumtion

hu!e caital costs in&ol&ed for machiner%' ra"

materials and e)uiment

sustained romotional eNorts and su#stantial

in&estment needed for mar0et de&eloment

limited e$erience in roduction and use of

technical te$tiles

outdated e$istin! re!ulator% mechanism

19 Mar 2010

lac0 of #asic infrastructure' s0illed mano"er'

testin! facilities' trainin! F educational facilities

ne!li!i#le in&estment in rFd on technical te$tiles

lac0 of comrehensi&e data#ase on technical

te$tiles

lac0 of a"areness and #ene*ts of usin! technical

te$tiles amon! users

hesitation in accetin! "orld ro&en cost eNecti&e

technolo!ies

oor understandin! of roduct roerties in re!ard

to its constructa#ilit%' dura#ilit%' structural
inte!rit%' functional utilit%' *#re comosition and
its installation and handlin!
19 Mar 2010

imort intensi&e nature ma0in! their cost

rohi#iti&e

no )ualit% #enchmar0 for technolo!% for technical

te$tiles

non(a&aila#ilit% of main ra" materials i;e; secialt%

*#res at cometiti&e and aNorda#le rices

limited demand in &ie" of a#sence of re)uired

standards and re!ulations

lac0 of a"areness of #ene*ts of usin! technical

te$tiles

little emhasis on health' safet% and en&ironmental

asects

hesitation in adotin! latest "orld ro&en eOcient

and cost eNecti&e technolo!ies

little understandin! amon! users a#out the t%e of

roduct and its roerties re!ardin!
constructa#ilit%' dura#ilit%' structural inte!rit%'
sur&i&a#ilit% and functional utilit%
19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010
Sl Sl
; ;
N N
o; o;
TT SECTOR TT SECTOR NO LAW NO LAW
-,225(23. -,225(23.
NO LAW NO LAW
AT CAGR AT CAGR
NO LAW NO LAW
-,2++( -,2++(
+,. +,.
WITH WITH
LAW AT LAW AT
CAGR CAGR
WITH WITH

LAW-,2++ LAW-,2++
(+,. (+,.
+ + AGROTECH AGROTECH 8+3;33 8+3;33 4 4 5+6;48 5+6;48 4 4 5+6;48 5+6;48
, , B>ILDTEC B>ILDTEC
H H
+8+9;86 +8+9;86 +9 +9 ,485;78 ,485;78 +9 +9 ,485;78 ,485;78
6 6 CLOTHTEC CLOTHTEC
H H
3744;36 3744;36 +, +, +8234;4 +8234;4
3 3
+, +, +8234;4 +8234;4
3 3
8 8 GEOTECH GEOTECH +544;7+ +544;7+ +9 +9 6673;22 6673;22 54;74 54;74 ,6,57;, ,6,57;,
4 4
9 9 HOAETEC HOAETEC
H H
+5,4;38 +5,4;38 +5 +5 68,2;7+ 68,2;7+ +5 +5 68,2;7+ 68,2;7+
5 5 IND>TECH IND>TECH +,96;69 +,96;69 +, +, ,,24;46 ,,24;46 +, +, ,,24;46 ,,24;46
3 3 AOBILTEC AOBILTEC
H H
+5+6;96 +5+6;96 +9 +9 6,89;67 6,89;67 +9 +9 6,89;67 6,89;67
4 4 AEDTECH AEDTECH +,42;6, +,42;6, +, +, ,,95;65 ,,95;65 ,2 ,2 6+49;49 6+49;49
7 7 OECOTECH OECOTECH 57;7+ 57;7+ +, +, +,6;,+ +,6;,+ 54;+3 54;+3 782;66 782;66
+ +
2 2
PACCTECH PACCTECH 9349;76 9349;76 ,2 ,2 +8673;, +8673;,
9 9
,2 ,2 +8673;, +8673;,
9 9
+ +
+ +
PROTECH PROTECH +2,3;++ +2,3;++ +3 +3 ,,9+;47 ,,9+;47 ,9;89 ,9;89 6+7+;6, 6+7+;6,
+ +
, ,
SPORTTEC SPORTTEC
H H
+725;65 +725;65 +, +, 6697;55 6697;55 +, +, 6697;55 6697;55
TOTAL TOTAL ,5235;27 ,5235;27 +8;78 +8;78 9,,22;+ 9,,22;+
6 6
,8;93 ,8;93 38394;8 38394;8
5 5

te$tile olic% of !o&ernment of india reco!nised

!ro"th rosects of technical te$tiles and accords
riorit% for their de&eloment

constitution of e$ert committee on technical

te$tiles -ectt.

settin! u of a steerin! committee on !ro"th and

de&eloment of technical te$tiles -sc!dtt.

!o&ernment launched technolo!% mission on

technical te$tiles in the $i th *&e %ear lan to
identif% maHor constraints for imro&in! their
roduction and consumtion in india

#aseline sur&e% on technical te$tiles "as conducted

19 Mar 2010

identi*ed a!rotech' rotech' !eotech F #uildtech

and medtech as 0e% areas for !ro"th and
de&eloment in india

co&era!e of technical te$tiles under technolo!%

u!radation fund scheme -tufs.

settin! u of +, e$cellence centres -ecs. for

technical te$tiles L alread% started ecs for !eotech
F #uildtechP a!rotechP medtechP and rotech

de(reser&ation of sanitar% na0ins @ #a#% diaers

#asic custom dut% for maHor machineries on

technical te$tiles reduced from +2 to 9 :

+2 : caital su#sid% for ne" roHects

9 : interest su#sid% on loans under tufs

+8 secial economic Kones to attract fdi and dut%

free imorts and domestic rocurement for +22 :
e$orts

!uHarat state is ro&idin! +2 : in&estment su#sid%

on technical te$tile roHects
19 Mar 2010

alication areas

identi*cation of alication areas ha&in!

stron! otential in the domestic mar0et i;e
!eotech -includin! #uildtech.' medtech'
a!rotech' rotech and mo#iltech

initial selection of roducts for "hich technical

0no"(ho"' roduction facilities and ra"
materials alread% e$ist

indi!eniKation of &alue added roducts of

relati&el% easier technolo!% caa#le of )uic0
assimilation

de&eloment of technical te$tiles in hi!h tech

alications of aerosace' defence' etc; "ith
u#lic@ri&ate initiati&es' Hoint &entures "ith
mncs

ur!ent )ualit% standards for identi*ed roducts

and their installation
19 Mar 2010

ra" material

use of inde!eneousl% a&aila#le *#res and

imort of hi!h erformance *#res

*#res -natural or man(made. use #ased

on dura#ilit%' sur&i&a#ilit% and inte!rit%
re)uirements considerin! health' safet%
and en&ironmental imacts

ro&idin! *scal incenti&es to secialt%

*#res to ma0e them cost cometiti&e
and easilt aNorda#le

amendin! e$istin! re!ulation -dru!s F

cosmetics act. to co&er ne"l% de&eloed
manmade *#re roducts e;!;
antimicro#ial *#res' suer a#sor#ant
*#res' non to$ic@non aller!ic *#res'
#reatha#le *#res' antistatic *#res' etc;
19 Mar 2010

THR>ST NEEDED DOR SPECIALT? DIBRES

NEED DOR LONG LASTING PERDORAANCE

PROPERTIES

COAPATIBILIT?' D>RABILIT?' STR>CT>RAL

INTEGRIT? AND S>R<I<ABILIT?

>NIDORAIT? OD PROPERTIES IN ALL

DIRECTIONS

THE STANDARDS NORAALL? CO<ER LONG

TERA D>RABILIT? WHICH IS NOT PRO<IDED
B? OTHER DIBRES

AS PER STANDARDS' THE PERDORAANCE

AND D>NCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS A>ST
BE CONTROLLED WITHIN NARROW LIAITS
-A<ERAGE <AL>E Q , G STANDARD
DE<IATION. TO HA<E >NIDORAIT? IN ALL
DIRECTIONS TO PRE<ENT THEIR
D>NCTIONAL DAIL>RE
19 Mar 2010

manufacturin! facilities

re(orientation of roduction facilities and

trainin! of mano"er

roducts "hich can #e manufactured on

e$istin! machiner% #e identi*ed and
mar0etin! eNorts #e made

incenti&es for state of the art machiner%

for hi!h otential hi!h tech roducts

de&eloin! roer roduct(mi$

caacit% #uildin! of ra" materials'

machiner%' infrastructure and roduction
19 Mar 2010

rFd and )ualit% assurance

in&estment in rFd and )ualit% mana!ement as

"ell as roduct de&eloment needed

latest "orld class testin! facilities needed

national standards at ar "ith international

de&eloments needed on ur!ent #asis
eseciall% for seci*cations of roducts and
codes of ractices for installation' use and
maintenance of technical te$tile roducts

certi*cation and accreditation of testin!

facilities and roduction as er international
standards
19 Mar 2010

domestic and e$ort mar0et de&eloment

of technical te$tiles

re!ulator% frame"or0 in the interest of

en&ironment' health and safet%

assistance for international @ national

e$hi#itions' fairs' seminars' etc;

incenti&es for certi*cation @ accreditation to

international standards

incenti&es for su#stitution of traditional

te$tiles #% technical te$tiles

mandator% use of !eotech' #uildtech medtech

for health' safet%' en&ironment and eOcient
utilisation of u#lic funds

mandator% use of fr te$tiles in u#lic laces'

#uildin!s' uniform fa#rics' etc;
19 Mar 2010

in case of !eotech @ #uildtech roHects' the

aro&al and imlementation should
include desi!n arameters also and the
ricile used should #e f LdR#Ro((tM

*nance

desi!n

#uild

oerate

transfer

*scal measures such as reduction of

e$cise@custom dut%@sales ta$@ser&ice ta$
19 Mar 2010

considera#le reduction of cost of roHects

-materials' desi!n' installation and
e&aluation.

minimum su#se)uent reairs @

maintenanceP

re&ention of en&ironmental ollution

leadin! to sustaina#le de&eloment

most eOcient utiliKation of resources

#etter desi!ns and lon!er roHect ser&ice

life

increased safet% of life and roert%

alternate and #est technolo!ical

alications for a seci*c end use
19 Mar 2010

!eotech

!eote$tiles and !eo!rids for reinforcement of

#ase and su##ase in a&ement structures

!eote$tiles for su#surface draina!e' su#!rade

searation and sta#ilisation' rotection
-cushionin!.' ermanent erosion control'
a&ement o&erlPa%s' sloe rotection and silt
fence !eote$tiles for sediment control

!eos%nthetic cla% liners

!a#ions for re&ention of soil erosion

!eo!rids for mse s%stems

!eos%nthetic mats

!eonets and !eocomosites for "aste

containment

!eocomosites @ !eocells @ !eomem#ranes @

!eofoams

refa#ricated !eos%nthetic ed!e and &ertical

drains

!eos%nthetics for "aste containment

19 Mar 2010

B>ILDTECH

geo-membranes for waterproofng of roofs

controlled permeability textiles for concrete

formwork lining

fbers for reinforceed concrete

synthetic fbre insulation blanket

refectie apour breathable textile substrate as

radiant barrier in building enelope

house wraps

apor breathable textile substrate as mineral

wool insulation facing for buildings

technical textiles as honeycombs for landscaping

architectural fabric! tensile structures "temporary

and permanent#

hoardings for buildings

19 Mar 2010

protect

bullet proof fabric!$acket

protectie clothing for agricultural workers

protectie clothing for mechanical !chemical !

nuclear ! biological protection

hi-isibility ! high altitude warning clothing

protectie clothing for dust protection

protectie clothing for acoustic protection

protectie clothing for biological protection

protectie clothing for electric arc welding

fre retardant upholstery% curtains% bednets%

beddings% uniform fabrics% bed linens% etc&
19 Mar 2010

A!rotech

cro co&ers

!reenhouse co&ers

ro" co&ers

ol%(house *lms@mem#ranes

shade(nets

mulch mats

#aler t"ines

ol%ester@@hde nets for *shin!

"aterroof linin!
19 Mar 2010

Aeditech

e$tracororeal de&ices

arti*cial 0idne%' li&er' lun!' heart acer

non(imlanta#le te$tile materials

a#sor#ent ad' #anda!es' comression #anda!es'
lasters' a#sor#ent !au!es' lint and "addin!

imlanta#le te$tile materials

tendons' li!aments' cartila!e' s0in' contact lenses'

cornea' Hoints' &ascular !rafts' heart &al&es

healthcare and h%!iene roducts

sur!ical !o"ns' cas' !lo&es ' mas0sP sur!ical

co&ers draes' aronsP #eddin!s -#lan0ets' sheets'
illo" co&ers.P clothin! -uniform.P
incontinence@#a#%@adult diaersP cloth "ier'
sur!ical hosier%' sanitar% na0ins' medical
mattress' steriliKation "ras' head and shoe
co&ers' ant% shield' "addin!P "ies
19 Mar 2010

other technical te$tiles

hometech -*#er*ll' #linds' stuNed to%s' caret

#ac0in! fa#ric.

mo#iltech -seat #elts' e$haust *lters' air#a!s'

t%re cord fa#ric' seat co&er' headliners' insulation
felts' interior carets.

ac0tech -/e$i#le intermediate #ul0 containers'

soft lu!!a!e roducts' sac0in!s.

indutech -s%nthetic taraulins' a"nin!s' tents'

con&e%or #elts' hoses' roes' corda!es' dri&e
#elts' "e##in!s' slin!s' taes' comuter ri##ons'
#atter% searators' industrial *lters.

sorttech -sorts nets' sorts foot"ear' sorts

comosites' sleein! #a!s' arti*cial turfs'
#alloonin! fa#ric' arachute fa#ric.

clothtech -se"in! threads' interlinin!s' Ki

fasteners' taes' &elcro.

oe0otech -en&ironmental control(#a!s@*lters'

municial "ates L !eos%nthetics.
19 Mar 2010
19 Mar 2010
THANC ?O>