Submitted by

T.VANI SANTHOSHI 09W91A0252

CH.ASHWINI - 09W91A0217
V.PRIYANKA GOUD 09W91A0256
D.BASAVESHWAR 07W91A0208
E.RAVI RAJA - 08W91A0239
Under the guidance of
M.Spandana,M.tech
Asst.Prof, EEE department
Malla Reddy Institute of Engineering and Technology


VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES

A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a type
of adjustable-speed drive

It is used in electro-mechanical drive systems to
control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input
frequency and voltage.

INTRODUCTION
Systems employed for motion
control are called drives and
may employ any of the prime
movers such as diesel or petrol
engines ,electric motors, for
supplying mechanical energy
for motion control .
Drives employing electrical
motors are known as electrical
drives.

ELECTRICAL DRIVES
There are two types of electrical drives mainly

1. DC Drives
2. AC Drives

DC drives are dc motor control systems

AC drives are AC motor speed control systems

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES


It controls the rotational speed of an AC
motor by controlling the frequency of
electrical power supplied to motor.


Its a specific type of adjustable speed
drive
What is a VFD
Danfoss = First company to mass produce a.c. variable frequency drives (VFD)
EVOLUTION OF VFD
2003 2007
1998 1993 1988 1983 1973 1968
A variable frequency drive generally consists
of following:

Ac motor

Main controller assembly

Operator interface

DESCRIPTION OF VFD

It is usually a 3 phase induction
motor.

An AC motor is an electric
motor driven by an alternating current.

The magnetic field on the rotor is either
generated by current delivered through
slip rings or by a permanent magnet.
AC MOTOR
It is a solid state power electronic conversion device. It consists of three
main parts

Bridge rectifier

DC link

Inverter
MAIN CONTROLLER ASSEMBLY
It converts AC input power to DC intermediate power using a rectifier or
converter.



BRIDGE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER


DC intermediate power is then
converted to quasi sinusoidal AC
power using inverter switching
circuit
DC LINK
It changes DC energy into three channels of AC energy that can be used by AC motor
BASIC INVERTER

The operator interface often includes
an alphanumeric display and/or
indication lights and meters to
provide information about the
operation of the drive.
A serial communications port is also
often available to allow the VFD to
be configured, adjusted, monitored
and controlled using a computer

OPERATOR INTERFACE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF VFD
WORKING OF VFD


AC motor characteristics
require the applied voltage
to be proportionally
adjusted whenever
frequency is changed in
order to deliver the rated
torque
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VFD


There are many methods of control for
frequency in variable frequency drives


Among them PWM is mostly used because of
its own advantages.
METHODS OF CONTROL


Pulse-width modulation (PWM),
or pulse-duration modulation
(PDM), is a commonly used
technique for controlling power
to inertial electrical devices,
made practical by modern
electronic power switches.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
VFDs use their output devices (IGBTs, Transistors, thyristors) only
as switches.


They can be classified as

Voltage source inverter fed drives i.e. constant voltage

Current source inverter fed drives i.e. constant current

TYPES OF VFD

Constant voltage converter : intermediate DC link voltage
remains constant during each output cycle


Constant current drives : large inductor is placed between the
input rectifier and the output bridge, so the current delivered is
nearly constant
CONSTANT CURRENT AND
VOLTAGES DRIVES

Cooling of the motor is usually not good in low speed
range
.
When frequency reaches zero, motor is shut off.

The motor shall require a load reactor and filters if the
pump leads from the VFD exceed certain conditions
FACTORS AFFECTING SPEED CONTROL
ENERGY SAVINGS
Example : vfd for centrifugal pump
Flow is proportional to speed
Power varies to the cube of the
speed change
20% reduction in speed
= 50% reduction in energy
50% reduction in speed
= 80% reduction in energy


VFD controllers designed to operate at 111v volts
to 690v are often classified as low voltage units.

Typically designed for use with motor rated to
deliver 0.2 k.watts up to several mega watts.

Medium voltage VFD controllers are designed to
operate at 2400/4162 volts (60hz), 3000 volts(50
hz )

VFD RATINGS
VFDs are frequently used to control motors for: Fans, Pumps, Compressors
Mills.
Oil & Gas, petroleum, petro chemistry: oil transfer pumps, compressors,
pumps, etc.
Mining: mortar pumps, fans, etc.
Water and waste water: water supply pump, etc.

APPLICATIONS

Hence variable frequency drives are mainly used because of the
following reasons:

Stable and reliable performance

Saves energy and therefore reduces energy costs

Isolated control signal provided by fibre optics between
Power cell and Controller

CONCLUSION
QUERIES ???


THANK YOU