POWER TRANSMISSION AND

DISTRIBUTION
Summary of Lecture Notes
CHAP 1 - INTRODUCTION
Overview of Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution
System
Able to describe the basic structures and functions of each
element.
Power Generation
Types of Central Generation based on the resources used
Know the major elements in power generation system
Comparison of various types of central power plant
Understand Load and Demand
Understand a few important terms related to load and demand
as well as application of the calculation method: Max. demand,
connected load, average load, load factor, demand factor,
diversity factor, plant capacity factor and plant used factor.
CHAP 1 - INTRODUCTION
Understand load duration curve and its calculation
Types of loads
Base load, intermediate load, peak load
Know how to select generating units and a few of its
important points
Power Transmission and Distribution
Types of transmission system: high voltage, sub-
transmission, distribution.
Transmission Voltage Level: Why high voltage
transmission
Transmission System: Single phase, three phases. Why
3-phase?
CHAP 1 - INTRODUCTION
Distribution System
Radial, ring and interconnection grid.
Advantages of Interconnection Grid.
Power Management
Requirements for transmission and distribution system

CHAP 2 TL PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE
Classification of Transmission Line based on length and
voltage level
Voltage regulation and Transmission Efficiency, including
their importance
Short Transmission Line Modeling and Calculation
Medium Transmission Line Modeling and Calculation:
Condensed Method, Nominal T method and Nominal P
method:
both step by step method and generalized circuits constant
Phasor diagram
Long Transmission Line:
Rigorous method and generalized circuits constant
Surge Impedance Loading (SIL):
SIL, surge impedance (characteristic impedance), limitations
of power flow
CHAP 2 TL PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE
Performance Characteristic and Voltage Profile:
No load, Ferranti Effect
Matched load: Operating Mode, Line Compensation (sending
reactive power and power factor), shunt and series
compensation .
Full load
Short-circuit at load
Corona Effect
What is corona effect, how it occur? Importance of corona effect
Factors affecting corona effect
Critical disruptive voltage and its calculation, power loss calculation
Advantages and disadvantages of corona effect
Methods of reducing corona
CHAP 3 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
Overhead TL components and its function
Conductor Materials:
Criteria for conductor materials
Commonly used materials for conductor
Comparison between copper, aluminum and ACSR
Line Support:
Criteria for line support
Types of line support and their application
CHAP 3 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
Insulators for Overhead Lines
Criteria for insulating materials
Flash over, puncture and dry arcing distance
Types of insulating materials, their application voltage,
advantages and disadvantages.
Types of insulators, their applications, voltage level,
differences, advantages and disadvantages.
Impact of pollutions to insulator and method of
improvements
CHAP 3 MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
String Efficiency
Characteristic of potential distribution in suspension type
insulators
Calculation of string efficiency
Methods of improving string efficiency
Sag Calculation
Equal level of supports
Unequal level of supports
Wind load, ice load
Minimum clearance
Safety factor

CHAP 4 ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD LINES
Concept of skin effect and factors affect it.
Definition of resistance, inductance and
capacitance
Calculation of Resistance and temperature co-
efficient
Calculation of Inductance: single phase and 3-
phase (symmetrical and unsymmetrical)
Calculation using self GMD and mutual GMD
Calculation of Capacitance (symmetrical and
unsymmetrical)
CHAP 5 UNDERGROUND CABLE
Introduction to underground cable:
Advantages, disadvantages vs overhead transmission lines
Applications
Requirements of underground cables
Construction of cable, major elements and functions.
Classification of cables based on:
Voltage level
Insulating materials
Number of cores
Services and construction (structure)
Insulating materials:
Criteria of insulating materials
Types of insulating materials
Advantages of XLPE as insulating materials
CHAP 5 UNDERGROUND CABLE
Types of 3-phase Service Cables:
Belted, limitation of solid cable
Screened (H and SL)
Pressurized (liquid filled and oil filled)
Ancillary Facilities of Underground Cable System
Vault, transition structures, transition stations, pressurizing source.
Types of cable laying methods:
Direct, draw-in
Advantages and disadvantages, applications
Underground cable operating considerations
Insulating resistance of a single-core cable: calculation
Capacitance of a single-core cable: calculation
CHAP 5 UNDERGROUND CABLE
Dielectric stress in a single-core cable:
g
max
, g
min
, and calculations
Most economical conductor size in a cable
Capacitance Grading of cables:
Why grading
Grading calculations
Capacitance in 3-core cable
Current carrying capacity
Losses in cables
Thermal resistance
Permissible loading current
Cable faults and tests
Types of faults: open circult, earth, short circuit
Murray loop test and calculations
Varley loop test and calculations
CHAP 6 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Introduction
What is DG
Characteristic of DG
Advantages of DG
Challenges of DG / Disadvantages / Present problems / Why
renewable energy resources is not widely used for DG yet
Technical Impacts of DG to the grid
Types of DG Technologies and Resources:
Solar:
PV, CPV: Types of Solar Cells Tech, Components and Functions,
Applications,.
CSP: Major Components, Types of CSP System (Trough, Central
Tower, Dish Engine, CLFR)
Chimney
Barriers and Advantages
CHAP 6 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Wind
Types: on shore, off shore
Major elements,
Barriers and Advantages
Biofuels - biomass, biogas,
Biomass conversion technologies for DG
Sources of energy
Types of biofuels for DG
Issues regarding biofuels
Small/mini Hydro: Advantages
Geothermal
Ocean Energy
Types of ocean energy: Tidal barrage, marine current, ocean
wave, OTGE, salinity gradient
Challenges of using ocean energy
CHAP 6 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Cogeneration or CHP
Types: natural gas, steam, diesel, biofuels, CPVT, PVT, Micro CSP
Hybrid Systems
Types: Solar-Wind, Solar-fossil fuels
Advantages of hybrid system
Energy Storage:
Batteries: types of tech.
Fuel Cells: types
TES: types of tank, types of medium, advantages.
Pumped hydro,
Compressed air
CHAP 6 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Micro-grid:
Definition
Major elements
Advantages
How microgrid helps in reliability?
Smart Grid:
Definition and concept
Features of smart grid
Smart grid technology
Grid Parity:
Definition

CHAP 7 HVDC
HVDC System and Components
Converter Stations
HVDC Converters Valves
General: Bidirectional
Line Commutated Converters:
Basic description: conversion concept
Schemes: Six-pulse bridge, twelve-pulse bridge (and
advantages)
Firing angle, overlap angle, extinction angle
Type of valves: mercury arc, thyristor (SCR)
Triggering method: optical (direct and indirect), magnetic
Limitations / Problems of LLC
CHAP 7 HVDC
Capacitor Commutated Converters
What CCC is?
Advantages and Disadvantages over LCC
Voltage Source Converters
Types of semiconductors used
Basic description: what VSC is?
Advantages and Disadvantages over thyristor types
VSC operation: PWM
Types of schemes: Two-level, Three-level, MMC
(including advantages and disadvantages)
HVDC Transformers : Function
AC Filters: Function
Capacitor Banks: Function
CHAP 7 HVDC
Cable Systems: Compared to AC system
Earth Electrodes: Function
HVDC Configuration
Monopolar earth return:
Monopolar metallic return:
Symmetrical Monopolar :
Bipolar:
Back-to Back:
Multi-terminal
Advantages and Disadvantages over AC system
HVDC Applications
advantages,
disadvantages,
applications
schematic