ELECTRICAL MOTOR:

DC MOTOR
Types of Machines
How DC Motor Works?

A DC motor works by converting electric power into
mechanical work. Current flows through a coil and
producing a magnetic field that spins the motor.

The simplest DC motor is a single coil apparatus



Basic DC Motor

In Figure 8.1a shows the field winding is one long coil of wire
that has been separated into two sections.
The top section is connected to the positive pole and bottom
negative pole. The current flow in this direction makes the top
coil the north pole of the magnet and the bottom coil the south
pole of the magnet. electromagnet condition
The permanent bar magnet represents the armature and the
coil of wire represents the field. The arrow shows the clockwise
direction of the armature's rotation.




Figure 8.1a
Basic DC Motor (cont..)

The north pole of the armature comes closer to the south pole of the
field, and the south pole of the armature is coming closer to the north
pole of the field. (Figure 6.1b).
When the opposite poles are at their strongest attraction, the armature
will be "locked up.
Problem - For the armature to continue its rotation, the armature's
polarity must be switched. Since the armature in this diagram is a
permanent magnet, it would lock up during the first rotation and not
work.
Idea - If the armature is an electromagnet, its polarity can be changed
by changing the direction of current flow through it.




Figure 6.1b
Basic DC Motor (cont..)
One commutator segment is provided for each terminal of the
magnetic coil. DC current flowing through it to become
magnetized.
A stationary set of carbon brushes is used to make contact to
the rotating armature. The brushes ride on the commutator
segments to make contact so that current will flow through the
armature coil.
In Figure 6.1c you can see that the DC voltage is applied to the
field and to the brushes.




Figure 6.1c
Basic DC Motor (cont..)

Since negative DC voltage is connected to one of the brushes,
the commutator segment the negative brush rides on will also
be negative.
The armature's magnetic field causes the armature to begin to
rotate.
A commutator is used to reverse the direction flow of current.
The current flows in opposite directions in the wires which also
switches the polarity of the armature coil's magnetic field at just
the right time so that the repelling and attracting continues.




Figure 6.1c
Basic DC Motor (cont..)

Motor as having just two essential components as in Figure 6.2:
1. There's a permanent magnet (or magnets) around the edge of the
motor case that remains static, so it's called the stator of a motor.
- (the field magnet could be an electromagnet as well, but in most
small motors it isn't in order to save power)
2. Inside the stator, there's the coil, mounted on an axle that spins
around at high speedand this is called the rotor. The rotor also
includes the commutator.





Figure 6.2c: Basic diagram of DC motor
DC Motor Rotation






Figure 8.3 show the operation of DC Motor Rotation
HOW IT WORKS
In 0 degree to 90 degree rotation
In the 0 degrees, the brushes are
in contact with the voltage source
and current is flowing.

Current through wire segment C-
D interacts with the magnetic field
and the result is an upward force.

Segment A-B has the same
interaction, but the force is in the
downward direction.

Both forces are of equal
magnitude, but in opposing
directions.





Figure 6.4:DC motor rotation from 0 degree to 90 degree
Figure 6.5: Plot graph DC from 0 degree to 90 degree
In 90 degree to 180 degree rotation

In the 90 degree diagrams, the
brushes are not in contact with
the commutator and the current
stops flowing through the coil -no
force is produced.
However the coil keeps turning
because of its own momentum.





Figure 6.6:DC motor rotation from 90 degree to 180 degree
Figure 6.7: Plot graph DC from 90 degree to 180 degree
How it Works Cont.
How it Works Cont.
In 180 degree to 270 degree rotation
In the 180 degrees, the brushes are
in contact with the voltage source
and current is flowing.

Current through wire segment A-B
interacts with the magnetic field and
the result is an upward force.

Segment C-D has the same
interaction, but the force is in the
downward direction.

Both forces are of equal magnitude,
but in opposing directions.





Figure 6.8:DC motor rotation from 180 degree to 270
degree
Figure 6.9: Plot graph DC from 180 degree to 270
degree
We can increase the turning force (or torque) that the motor
can create in four ways:

1. More powerful permanent magnet
2. Increase the electric current flowing through the wire
3. Make the coil so it has many "turns" (loops) of very thin
wire instead of one "turn" of thick wire
4. The closer together the permanent magnet and the coil, the
greater the force the motor can produce
How it Works Cont.
DC Motor Application
Photo 8.1: The main parts inside a medium
sized electric motor from a coffee grinder.

Photo 8.2: An electrician repairs an electric motor
onboard an aircraft carrier. The shiny metal he's
using may look like gold, but it's actually copper.
Although copper doesn't conduct electricity quite
as well as gold, it's much less expensive.
Residential and commercial: Clocks, timers, toys, cars,
fans, pumps, medical equipment.
Industrial: steel and paper mills, conveyors, textile
machines, printing presses, packaging machines,
extruders, material handling, mining, marine generation
and propulsion.


DC Motor Application Cont.
Fan
Hoist
Compressor
Conveyor