B.

tech Admission in India

By:
admission.edhole.com
Bearing Capacity
foundations are designed to transmit
load from the structure they support to
the soil
foundations are generally grouped into
two categories:

A. Shallow Foundations

B. Deep Foundations
admission.edhole.com
Shallow Foundations
the most common (and cheapest) type
of shallow foundations are
SPREAD FOOTINGS
square spread
footings to support
individual columns
(also circular)
McCarthy, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
Strip Footings to support wall loads
Rectangular and Trapezoidal Footings for two
columns (combined footing) or machine base
McCarthy, 6
th
Ed.
McCarthy, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
RAFT or MAT Foundations
To lower the bearing pressure and reduce
differential settlement on soils with low bearing
capacity or erratic or variable conditions
McCarthy, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
FLOATING Foundations
where deep deposits of compressible, cohesive
soil are present and piles are impractical
buildings substructure is a combination mat
and caisson to create a rigid box
weight of earth displaced by foundation is
equal to total weight of structure, thereby
minimizing settlement from consolidation
McCarthy, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
Deep Foundations
used when soil near surface has poor
load-bearing capacity



they transmit load through weak soil
strata (overburden) to stronger, load-
bearing stratum (eg., bedrock, dense
sand and gravel, etc.)
loose soil
bedrock
admission.edhole.com
Types of Deep Foundations
where load-bearing stratum
no more than 5 m deep
not used much any more
PIERS
McCarthy, 6
th
Ed.
CAISSONS
McCarthy, 6
th
Ed.
where over-
burden no more
than 8 - 9 m
thick
replacing piers
admission.edhole.com
PILES
deep over-burden
more than 8 - 9 m
thick
Various types and
placement
methods
Craig, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
Structural Requirements
1. Factor of Safety against General Shear Failure
of supporting soil is normally required to be in
the range 2.5 3.0
2. Tolerable amount of settlement; in particular,
differential settlement should not cause
significant damage to structure nor interfere
with function
3. Secondary to these, during construction, there
should be no adverse affect on adjacent
structures or services
admission.edhole.com
Ultimate Bearing Capacity, q
f
The least pressure that would cause shear
failure of supporting soil immediately below
and adjacent to a foundation
Craig, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
modes of failure:
on low compressibility (dense or stiff) soils
plastic equilibrium throughout support and
adjacent soil masses
heaving on both sides of foundation
final slip (movement of soil) on one side only
causing structure to tilt
General Shear Failure
admission.edhole.com
on highly compressible soils
only partial development of plastic equilibrium
only slight heaving on sides
significant compression of soil under footing
but no tilting
Local Shear Failure
admission.edhole.com
on loose, uncompacted soils
vertical shearing around edges of footing
high compression of soil under footing, hence
large settlements
no heaving, no tilting
Punching Shear Failure
admission.edhole.com
Terzaghis Theory
strip footing of infinite length and width B
uniform surcharge, q
0
on surface of isotropic,
homogeneous soil
Rankine active wedge, ABC: forces +
Passive zones, ADE () & BGF ()

Craig, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
transition between + & : ACD & BCG (zones
or radial shear or slip fans)
above EDCGF: plastic equilibrium
below EDCGF: elastic equilibrium

Craig, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
Neglecting the shear strength of the soil above
depth D implies that this soil is a surcharge:
q
0
= D
Terzaghis general equation:
the more general case is a footing at depth D

q
f
= 0.5BN

+ cN
c
+ DN
q

Contribution of:

Soil Self
Weight

Shear
Strength

Surcharge

Craig, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
Bearing Capacity Factors
N

, N
c
and N
q
are bearing capacity factors and
are derived from various sources
Craig, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com
General Shear Failure of Footings (Ultimate
Bearing Capacity)

q c c f
DN S N c S N B q

+ + = ) ( ) ( 5 . 0

) 45 ( tan
2
2 ) tan( | | t
+ = e N
q

) cot( ) 1 ( | =
q c
N N
) 4 . 1 tan( ) 1 ( |

=
q
N N
FOOTING
TYPE
S

S
c

Strip 1.0 1.0
Square 0.8 1.2
Circular 1.6 1.2
Rectangular ) ( 2 . 0 1
L
B
) ( 2 . 0 1
L
B
+
theory was developed
for strip footings
to adapt to square,
circular and
rectangular shapes,
Terzaghi & Peck
developed shape
factors here which
are still widely used
today:

admission.edhole.com
Allowable Bearing Capacity
the allowable bearing capacity, q
a
is the value
used in the design of footing size
in North America, a factor of safety against
general shear failure, F is applied to the
ultimate bearing capacity, q
f
:

F
q
q
f
a
=
q
c c
a
DN
F
N S c N S B
q

+
+
=
) ( ) ( 5 . 0
in Britain, F is not applied to the surcharge:

admission.edhole.com
Skemptons N
c
Values
if undrained shear
strength parameters
are used for the
design then a special
case arises:
since |
u
= 0, N
q
= 1
and:

D N c q
c u f
+ =
values of N
c
are
acquired from
Skemptons Chart

Craig, 6
th
Ed.
admission.edhole.com