Psychology Chapter 2

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
1
Chapter 2
Journal Entry #5
Copy AND Answer
January 26, 2012
Thursday
Write at least 2 examples of faulty reasoning.
EX: (From history of science, common
superstitions, from your own experience,
urban legends, etc.)
--------------------------------------------------------
Place H.W. on your desk

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Chapter 2
1. Return N.B. Checks
2. Begin Chapter 2:1
3. Explanation of Friday Forum/Research
Paper
4. Chapter 2:2
If time permits
-
PSYCHOLOGY
Guest Speaker Tomorrow!!

3
Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
PSYCHOLOGI CAL METHODS
Section 1: Conducting Research
Section 2: Surveys, Samples, and Populations
Section 3: Methods of Observation
Section 4: The Experimental Method
Section 5: Ethical Issues
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Chapter 2
Chapter 2: Section 1
Conducting Research
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Chapter 2
Main Objective:
List AND explain the steps scientists
follow in conducting scientific
research.
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Chapter 2
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
1. Form a question (posing a question based
on experience, psychological theory or
common knowledge)

* Construct: Cannot be seen or measured (EX:
anxiety)Therefore, research questions directed
toward behavior.

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Chapter 2
2. Form a hypothesis (making an educated
guess). Worded in an If / Then statement.
EX: If I brush my teeth, then I can prevent
cavities.

3. Test the hypothesis (examining the evidence
through any of a variety of means)

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Chapter 2
4. Analyze Results (looking for patterns or
relationships in the evidence)you ask what
findings mean.

5. Draw a conclusion (determining whether the
findings support the hypothesis and adjusting it
if they do not)
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Replication:
For the findings of a study to be
confirmed, the study must be replicated
the study must be repeated and it
must produce the same results as before.
PSYCHOLOGY
The Sound of Crying- short clip
I ntroduction: The sound of a baby crying is
among the MOST INTERESTING noises in
the world. In this segment from 1981,
researchers perform an experiment to find out
whether the parents of a crying baby experience
more stressful reaction to the noise than other
people do.
Describe the method and the outcome of the
experiment performed in the video.

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Chapter 2
ESP
ExtraSensory Perception
EX: card-guessing
Reading another person's
mind (telepathy) and
Predicting the future
(precognition).
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Did you know that I had psychic powers???

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Chapter 2
How do researchers make sure that their findings
are correct????
Animals:
Different animals/ female vs. male

Humans:
Use different sex; ages; ethnicity; socioeconomic
status; education level; geographic settings; etc.

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New Questions:
New research questions can develop.

Process must start ALL OVER
againbeginning with another hypothesis.
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Chapter 2
Lets go over the homework!!!
Pg. 29 (#1-3)

Did you find an
article????
PSYCHOLOGY
Explanation of Friday Forum/Research
Paper/Checkpoint Guidelines

Sign-Ups Tomorrow
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Chapter 2
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Skip to Slide #21

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Chapter 2
PSYCHOLOGY
Journal Entry #7
Copy AND Answer
August 30, 2010 (Monday)

Go back to your article from #3 (Pg. 29). Briefly
describe your article AND explain how the
writer(s) would obtain their information and
what factors would influence how valid and
reliable the writers claims are.
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Chapter 2
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Please take your seat!
January 30, 2012--- Monday

20
Chapter 2
PSYCHOLOGY
Sign-up for Topics
Chapter 2:2
Surveys, Samples, and Populations
Assign H.W.
Statistical Activity
M&Ms
Reminders:
Chapter 2:3 & 2:4 handouts needed!
Open House tomorrow (6:00-7:00)

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Chapter 2
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Friday Forum Sign-Ups

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Chapter 2
Surveys, Samples, and Populations
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Chapter 2
Main Objective:
Explain the survey method and the
importance of proper sampling.
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Distribution of OVERALL concepts of Chapter 2

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Chapter 2
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The Survey Method
Survey:
People are asked to respond to a series of
questions about a particular subject.

EX: Interviews; questionnaires
Can lead to inaccurate answers.

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Example of a Survey

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Chapter 2
How often do you brush your teeth?

How long do you brush your teeth?

How much toothpaste do you use?
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Chapter 2
Populations and Samples:
Target population:
The whole group you want to study or describe.

Researchers study a sample, which is only part
of the target population.
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Selecting Samples:
Sample should be as similar as possible to the
target population.

Researchers use a random sample:
Individuals are selected by chance from the target
population. (EX: pulling names out of a hat)
GOAL: represent the whole population if large enough.

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Chapter 2
Samples (continued):
Stratified Sample:
Subgroups in the population are represented
proportionally in the sample.

EX: Including specific ethnic groups/races within a
sample.

Surveying 2 groups Boys & Girls

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Generalizing Results:
If impossible to obtain random or stratified sample, then must
be cautious about generalizing findings to groups other than
those from which samples were drawn.
EX: If researchers found that men prefer certain types of cars,
the researchers could NOT conclude that women prefer those
same types of cars if the study did not include women.

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Chapter 2
Volunteer Bias:
Bias: Predisposition to a certain point of
view.

Volunteer bias: The concept that people who
volunteer to participate in research studies often
differ from those who do not volunteer.
EX: May be more willing to disclose personal
information; more interested in research

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Chapter 2
Lets Go Over Homework!
Pg. 34 (#1-3)
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Homework due tomorrow:

Psychological Methods worksheet
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
Its Sample Time!!!

M & Ms
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Chapter 2
Step 5
# Brown: %
# Red: %
# Yellow: %
# Green: %
# Orange: %
# Blue: %
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Chapter 2
M&M Statistics:

PLAIN M&Ms:
30% Brown
20% each for red and yellow
10% each for green, orange, and blue
---------------------------------------------------------
PEANUT M&Ms:
20% each for blue, brown, red, and yellow
10% each for green and orange

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Chapter 2
Journal Entry #6:
Copy AND Answer
January 30
th
/31
st
, 2012
Monday/Tuesday

List the 6 methods of observation.
Describe 2 of these methods!

(Pg. 34-40 will help if needed)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Place H.W. on your desk!
PSYCHOLOGY
Game Plan for Today:
Go over H.W.
Psychological Methods worksheet
Chapter 2:3
Methods of Observation
Activity:
Personality Testing
Naturalistic Testing

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Chapter 2
Methods of Observation
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Chapter 2
Main Objective
Compare and contrast various methods
of observation, and discuss the use of
correlation in analyzing results.

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Chapter 2
Several Observational Methods:
1. Testing Method
2. Case-Study Method
3. Longitudinal
4. Cross-Sectional Methods
5. Naturalistic-Observation Method
6. Laboratory-Observation Method

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1. The Testing Method:
Psychological tests to learn about human
behavior.
I ntelligence tests
Personality tests
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Lets test your personality!!
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGnYw-
OuCnI
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Sit with other members that represent your character and
answer the following questions:
List 3 things you must have in your life in order to be happy.
List 3 characteristics that describes your personality.
List 3 things that annoy you.
List 3 things you do for fun.
How do you study for a test? (if you study)
What would you do in the following scenario?:
You have a last minute research assignment due in class the
next day that counts as much as 2 test grades. It could take
you ALL NIGHT LONG to complete. However, there is a
HUGE game at school that night at 7:00 with all of your
friends going. What do you do?
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Lucy

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Charlie Brown

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Linus:

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Snoopy:

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Chapter 2
6 Methods of Observation:
Testing Method
Case-Study Method
Longitudinal Method
Cross-Sectional Methods
Naturalistic-Observation Method
Laboratory-Observation Method

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2. The Case-Study Method:
An in-depth investigation of an individual
or a small group.
EX: Sigmund Freud interviewed patients
for many years.

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Example of Case Study:
Genie
Locked in room at 20 months old
Rescued at 13 years old
Limited social contact
Never fully developed speech.
CONCLUSI ON:
Special language-learning period in childhood.
Is replication ethical????
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Problems with Case Studies:
Not remembering details.
Distort past to impress researcher
Researchers may encourage client to
answer in certain way.

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3. Longitudinal Methods
LONGitudinal method:
Researchers select a group of participants and then
observe those participates over a period of time,
often years or even decades.
EX: studying improvement of language over time.

Researchers must be VERY PATIENT!!

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4. Cross-Sectional Method:
A method of research that looks at
different age groups at the same time
in order to understand changes that
occur during the life span. (less reliable
than long. study)
EX: If studying languages, then will study the
following age groups at the SAME time:
12-months old; 14 months-old; 16 months-old

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5. Naturalistic-Observation Method:
Also called field study
The study of behavior in naturally occurring
situations without manipulation or control on
the part of the observer.

EX: Observing differences in eating habits in
restaurant between obese and slender people.

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Chapter 2
Activity Time:
Naturalistic Observations
Need TWO volunteers!
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Differences between Casual vs. Systematic
Observations:
(2 minutes)
Distinguishing between observation and inference moves us
toward the process of systematic observation. Systematic
observation is setting up our study so that we eliminate or
reduce bias.
We set up decision rules ahead of time that reduce inferences.
A decision rule is a procedure set in place before we begin
data collection. We construct our observational research in
such a way that if someone else did it, under the same or
similar circumstances, they would come up with the same
result. In order to do this, our procedure and decision rules
must be clearly described.
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Lets do a little experiment:
1 minute
Close your eyes and imagine that insects are
crawling on you skin!!!

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Speculate on the reason for this activity and the role that
the 2 observers played.
(1 minute)

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Teaching the Complexity of Naturalistic Observation:

Counting Fidgets
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What could have been done to improve data
collection???
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A Few Suggestions!!
1. Set definition of a fidget.
2. Create a videotape of the scene to be recorded would allow
observers to discuss the criteria so that all observers are
recorded in similar ways.
3. May miss fidgets while recording data.
4. Different vantage points of room.
5. Students may try to figure out the purpose and change their
behaviors either to be helpful or to resist intrusive
observation of their behaviors.

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I s Naturalistic Observations Really that
Easy????

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6. Laboratory-Observation Method:
The study of behavior in a controlled situation.
Animals usually studies in this setting!
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Analyzing Observations:
Correlation:
A measure of how closely one thing is related to
another.

EX: The taller you are, the more
likely you can reach items on
the top shelf.
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Positive and Negative Correlation:
Positive Correlation:
A relationship between variables in which one
variable increases as the other variable also
increases.
EX: People who have a higher need for achievement
achieve higher salaries.

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Negative Correlation:
An unpleasant stimulus between two variables in
which one variable increases as the other variable
decreases.
EX: The greater the stress, the poorer the
health.

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Limits of Correlation:
Correlation DESCRIBES relationshipsit
does NOT reveal CAUSE and EFFECT.
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Chapter 2
Homework: (PART I)
Due Tomorrow!!
Pg. 40
(#1-3)
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Chapter 2
Homework (PART II)
Read Enabling Undermines Responsibility in Students.
Write/type an essay that describes the correlation (whether
positive OR negative) between enabling and student success.
You may use quotes from the article, but you must CI TE your
work!
Requirements:
I ntroduction: 3-5 sentences introducing main ideas. Last sentence
must be thesis statement (overall idea of paper)
Body: 15-20 sentences answering the question above
Conclusion: Restating your main ideas.
Reference Page: APA format MUST be used!
Counts as TWO quiz grades!!!!
Due Date: Friday (February 3, 2012)

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Chapter 2
Create a Speech:
Just Discuss!!
Imagine that you have been invited by the
American Psychological Association to present
a speech to the APA members titled The
Importance of Using Diverse Samples of
Psychological Research. Write a speech you
would give!!
At least 15 sentences!!
Best speech will receive bonus points on Chapter 2
Test!
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Place homework on your desk!!
Pg. 40 (#1-3)
Essays due Friday!

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Go Over Homework!
Pg. 40 (#1-3)
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Presentation of Speeches!
(5 minute prep)
PSYCHOLOGY
Journal Entry #7
Copy AND Answer
February 1, 2012
Wednesday
I s Naturalistic Observations Really that
Easy???? EXPLAI N!

Hint Hint: Think about Fidget activity from
yesterday?
----------------------------------------------------------
Place H.W. on your desk (Pg. 40#1-3)
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Go over H.W.
Pg. 40
Chapter 2:4
The Experimental Method
Activity
Assign tonights H.W.

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Essay due FRIDAY

2 quiz grades

Need instructions???
(On E-Chalk as well)

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Chapter 2 Test
+
Notebook Check
MONDAY!
(February 6, 2012)
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The Experimental Method
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Main Objective:
Describe the purpose and elements of an
experiment.
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The Experimental Method:
Experiment:
A controlled scientific procedure to determine
whether certain variables manipulated by the
researcher have an effect on other variables.
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I ndependent and Dependent Variables:
Variables:
Factors that are measured or controlled in a scientific study.
I ndependent Variable:
Factor that researchers manipulate/change so that they can
determine its effect.
Dependent Variable:
Factor that is being measured and that may change in
response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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EXAMPLES:
Can warm temperatures cause aggression in
humans?
Independent variable: Temperature
Dependent variable: Level of aggression
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Experimental and Control Groups:
Experimental groups:
The participants who receive the treatment.

Control group:
The group that does not receive the treatment.

Controlled Experiment: Includes both
experimental AND control groups.

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Examples:
Do extracurricular activities make a
difference in grades???
All factorssuch as educational background
would be the same for all members.
Experimental group: Be involved in activities.
Controlled group: NOT involved in activities

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Would it be possible to conduct a
controlled experiment??

Do people who undergo therapy feel better, or
feel better faster, than people who do not?
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The Placebo Effect:
Placebo:
A substance or treatment that has NO effect apart
from a persons belief in it.
EX: Sugar pill

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Single-Blind Studies:
Participants do not know whether they are in
the experimental group or the control group.

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Double-Blind Studies:
An experiment in which neither the participant
nor the researcher knows whether the
participant has received the treatment or the
placebo.
EX: Food and Drug Administration

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Central Tendency and Dispersion:
Central Tendency:
Mean: average score
Median: middle score
Mode: most frequent score

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Dispersion:
Range: Lowest score is subtracted from the
highest.

Standard deviation:
Measure of distance of every score to the mean.
The larger the standard deviation, the more
spread out the scores are!!
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Chapter 2
Lets do a little math!!
6 students got 7 out of 10 questions correct on test.
2 students got 10 correct
One student got 5 correct

5 7 7 7 7 7 7 10 10

What is the mean, median, and mode???
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Chapter 2
Mode: 7
Median: 7
Mean: 7.44

Now, what is the standard deviation?
Hint Hint: subtract the mean from each score!!!
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Subtract the mean from each score!!!
10 - 7.44 = 2.56

7 - 7.44 = -0.44

5 - 7.44= -2.44

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Chapter 2
ACTIVITY TIME!!!
Copy this chart on notebook paper!

# of correct words
Cup A
Cup B
Cup C
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Hypothesis:
If you drink more caffeine, then you
will be more responsive/alert.
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What to do??
You will divide into groups of 2!
Each group member will drink 3 cups of a
solution.
Cups include the following solutions:
Water (A), decaffeinated drink (B),
caffeinated drink (C)
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Round ONE:
Subject #1
When I say go, you will drink your entire cup of water
(Cup A) and wait for 30 seconds.
Then, I will display a list of words in which you must
remember the order!! (I will allow 15 seconds).
Once time is up, you must begin the stop watch/watch
the clock and write down the words in order. Your
partner will stop the watch/clock when all words are
correct. Record your time! (You can only exceed up
to 2 minutes)
Complete the same experiment with cups B & C
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Chapter 2
Subject 1- Cup A

Bus
Grass
Baby
Poster
Pencil
Glove
Pebble
Flag
Lamp
Eraser
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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2
Subject 1: Cup B
Football
Spoon
Television
Beer
Hand
Hat
Penknife
Cheese
Parrot
Watch
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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2
Subject 1: Cup C
Magnet
Planet
Drill
Door
Penknife
Apple
Paper
Cucumber
Snow
Sorry
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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2
Subject 2: Cup A
Apple
Globe
Feather
Football
Photograph
Planet
Sheep
Melon
Plane
Dinosaur
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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2
Subject 2: Cup B

Candle
Bowl
Cat
Penknife
Girl
Parrot
Scarf
Bridge
Feather
Toothbrush
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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2
Subject 2: Cup C

Man
Recorder
Umbrella
Chair
Key
Lion
Dinosaur
Toy
Penguin
Chicken
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What happened with your time??
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Want to know something funny??
Both drinks were decaffeinated!!

NO CAFFEINE INVOLVED!!!!

PLACEBO EFFECT!!
PSYCHOLOGY
Homework due tomorrow:
Pg. 44 (#1-3)
Pg. 47 (#1-3)
(Essay due Friday2 quiz grades)

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Journal Entry #8
Copy AND Answer
February 2, 2012
Thursday
1. What 3 psychological perspectives do you believe
you will use to help explain your Friday
Forum/Research Paper topic? EXPLAIN!!
2. When is Checkpoint #1 due?
3. What is the purpose of Checkpoints #1-3?
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Place H.W. on your desk
REMINDER: Essay due TOMORROW!
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1. Chapter 2:5 (handwritten notes)
Ethical Issues
2. Video: The Power of the Situation
27 minutes
3. Study Guide/Notebook Check
4. Homework assignment: Due MONDAY!
Chapter 2 Test + Notebook Check MONDAY!

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Lets Go Over Homework:

Pg. 44
(#1-3)
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Chapter 2
Main Objective:
Evaluate the ethical issues involved
in psychological research!
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What is Ethics???
Ethics: Standards for proper and
responsible behavior.

Specific guidelines by APA
American Psychological Association
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Research with People:
Confidentiality:
Records kept private!

I nformed Consent:
People agree, or consent, to participate in a
research study only after they have been given a
general overview of the research and have been
given the choice of whether or not to participate.
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Deception:
When is it OK to deceive the subject???
1. When they believe that the benefits of the
research outweigh its potential harm.
2. When they believe that the individuals would
have been willing to participate if they had
understood the benefits of the research.
3. When participants receive an explanation of
the study after it has occurred.
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Research with Animals:
Psychologists use animals only when there is
no alternative and when they believe that the
potential benefits outweigh the harm.

Most animals are NOT harmed!

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Is Harming Animals Ethical???
Rely on animals to avoid harming humans.

EX: Brain research; separation
of children (monkeys);
mental disorders; visual and
memory defects; high blood
pressure; etc.
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Is it Ethical to Harm Animals for the Purpose of
Helping Humans???
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Ethics in Using Data:
Must present ALL evidence
Even if it contradicts the hypothesis.
EX: Side effects of medicine!

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OVERVIEW OF ETHICAL ISSUES AND
RESEARCH

Protect study participants from harm
Maintain the scientific integrity of the study
Promote the dignity of the individual
Foster human welfare
Confidentiality
Informed Consent
Section 5: Ethical Issues
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Chapter 2
Turn to Pg. 45

The Hawthorne Plant Study: A Flawed
Experiment
PSYCHOLOGY
What do you think??
Consider why being observed may make some people work
harder.
Provide examples from your own lives whether in school, at
home, or while engaged in some sort of sport or hobby- when
you performed better than usual because you were receiving
extra attention.
Brainstorm instances when attention might have a negative
effect or no effect at all.
What might account for the difference in performance reactions
to the extra attention?

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Lets Go over Homework:

Pg.47 (#1-3)
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Philip Zimbardos Prison Experiment:

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Zimbardos Overall Experiment:
In 1971, psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues set out to create
an experiment that looked at the impact of becoming a prisoner or prison
guard. Zimbardo, a former classmate of Stanley Milgram (who is best-
known for his famous obedience experiment, was interested in expanding
upon Milgram's research. He wanted to further investigate the impact of
situational variables on human behavior.

The question the researchers asked was how would the participants react
when placed in a simulated prison environment. "Suppose you had only
kids who were normally healthy, psychologically and physically, and they
knew they would be going into a prison-like environment and that some of
their civil rights would be sacrificed. Would those good people, put in that
bad, evil placewould their goodness triumph?" Zimbardo explained in
one interview.

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Milgrams Obedience Experiment:

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Milgrams Overall Experiment:
If a person in a position of authority ordered you to
deliver a 400-volt electrical shock to another person,
would you follow orders? Most people would answer
this question with an adamant no, but Yale University
psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of
obedience experiments during the 1960s that
demonstrated surprising results. These experiments
offer a powerful and disturbing look into the power of
authority and obedience.
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The Power of the Situation
Video 27 minutes

Philip Zimbardos Prison Experiment
VS.
Milgrams Obedience Experiment

Complete handout along with video.
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End of Chapter 2

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Chapter 2
Homework due MONDAY:
Pg. 48
#1-5
#1-4

Pg. 49
#1-4

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Notebook Check/Study Guide

CHAPTER 2 TEST + NOTEBOOK CHECK
MONDAY!!!!

February 6, 2012
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Chapter 2
Review for Chapter 2 Test!!
Trashketball
OR
BINGO
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Activity Time!!

http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/min
d/interactives/intelligenceandmemory/memory
test/

Remember Placebo activity from Friday?
PSYCHOLOGY
Please Take your Seat
February 3, 2012
Friday

Pass up your essay

Name on essay?

(-10 per day late)

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Chapter 2
PSYCHOLOGY
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You will turn in Checkpoint #1 at the END OF
CLASS TODAY!!!
I recommend that you TYPE information.easier
to add on when you complete Checkpoints #2 & #3
Reminder about green slip.
REMINDERS:
H.W. due MONDAY! (Pg. 48 & Pg. 49)
Chapter 2 Test + Notebook Check MONDAY!

144
Chapter 2
PSYCHOLOGY
145
Chapter 2
Notebook Checks Due!!!

Chapter 2 Test Today!!!!
PSYCHOLOGY
146
Chapter 2
Complete the following AFTER the test!!
Pg. 59 (#1-3)

Pg. 67 (#1-4)

I will check both of these assignments tomorrow
for homework!!
You will present speeches tomorrow!!

Psychology Chapter 2

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HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

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