GEOMETRY

GEOMETRY

Properties and relationships of points, lines, planes, solids.

Undefned elements: point, line, plane

Axiom: self-evident truth

Postulate: statement accepted as true without proof

Theorem: statement which is proven

2 lines are parallel if the line on same plane !ut do not

intersect

2 planes or a line " a plane are parallel if the do not

intersect

2 lines are perpendicular#ortho$onal if the ad%acent an$les

of their point of intersection are ri$ht an$les

&'ew lines: 2 lines not coplanar#non-parallel#non-

intersection
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

(lements

)eductive *easonin$

Postulates:
+. Two points determine a line
2. A line can !e extended indefnitel in !oth directions
,. A circle ma !e drawn with an $iven center and
radius
-. All ri$ht an$les are e.ual
/. Parallel Postulate
0iven a point P not on a line 1, then there is one and
onl one line 2123 passin$ thru P and parallel to 1
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

(lements

)eductive *easonin$

Postulates:
+. Two points determine a line
2. A line can !e extended indefnitel in !oth directions
,. A circle ma !e drawn with an $iven center and
radius
-. All ri$ht an$les are e.ual
/. Parallel Postulate
0iven a point P not on a line 1, then there is one and
onl one line 2123 passin$ thru P and parallel to 1
HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY
HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY

4arl 5riedrich 0auss

6icholas 1o!achevs'i

7ohann 8olai

)isc 9odel : :per!olic plane

5undamental ;ircle: 5ixed circle ;, center at <

:per!olic points: interior to ;

:per!olic lines: circular arc perpendicular to ;

HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY
HYPERBOLIC GEOMETRY

)isc 9odel : :per!olic plane

5undamental ;ircle: 5ixed circle ;, center at <

2Poincare )isc3

:per!olic points: interior to circle ;

:per!olic lines: circular arc perpendicular to circle

;
ELLIPTIC
ELLIPTIC
GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY

8ernard *iemman

&pherical#(arth 9odel

(lliptic Points: All points <6 &U*5A;( of sphere

(lliptic 1ines: 0reat circles 2diameter = e.uator3

Antipodal point
ELLIPTIC
ELLIPTIC
GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY

8ernard *iemman

&pherical#(arth 9odel

(lliptic Points: All points <6 &U*5A;( of sphere

(lliptic 1ines: 0reat circles 2diameter = e.uator3

Antipodal point
COMPARISON COMPARISON
Euclidean Hyperblic Ellip!ic
An 2 lines intersect
in
+ point + point + point#s
Parallel lines are e.uidistant ;onver$e in +
direction> diver$e
in the other
)6(
?f a line intersect + of
2 parallel lines, it
must
?ntersect the
other
9a or 9a not
intersect the
other
6A
2 lines perpendicular
to a line are
parallel parallel ?ntersectin$
&um of an$les in a
trian$le
+@A B +@A C +@A
Area of trian$le ?ndependent
of sum of the
an$les
Proportional to
the defcit of sum
Proportional to
the excess of
sum
2 trian$les with
correspondin$ an$les
con$ruent
similar con$ruent con$ruent
COMPARISON COMPARISON
Euclidean Hyperblic Ellip!ic
&um of an$les in a
trian$le
+@A B +@A C +@A
PRO"ECTI#E
PRO"ECTI#E
GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY
7ohannes 4epler

Dictor Poncelet

Principle of Perspectivit: applied on a 2) canvas

to depict ,)

A +-+ correspondence

?deal points, ideal line, ideal plane

PRO"ECTI#E GEOMETRY
PRO"ECTI#E GEOMETRY

Principle of Perspectivit
PRO"ECTI#E GEOMETRY
PRO"ECTI#E GEOMETRY

Principle of Perspectivit: applied on a 2) canvas

to depict ,)
TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY

5i$ures 2mathematical spaces3 whose $eometric

properties are unchan$ed ! continuous
deformation 2stretchin$, twistin$, shrin'in$3

Topolo$ical transformation : continuous deformation

Properties preserved: outside#inside

6ot preserved: shape, ma$nitude

Topolo$icall e.uivalent: o!%ects chan$ed into

another ! a topolo$ical deformation
TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY

Topolo$icall e.uivalent: o!%ects chan$ed into

another ! a topolo$ical deformation
TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY

Topolo$icall e.uivalent: o!%ects chan$ed into

another ! a topolo$ical deformation
TOPOLOGY
TOPOLOGY

Topolo$icall e.uivalent: o!%ects chan$ed into

another ! a topolo$ical deformation
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
?. Trian$le Properties
a3 sum of an 2 sides of a trian$le is $reater than the ,
rd

side
2,,,E 2,,,/ 2,,,-
!3 sum of measures of the an$le of a trian$le is +@A
c3 con$ruence: same shape, same measurement
&A& A&A &&&
d3 similarit: same shape
e3 area and perimeter
rectan$le: A = l x w P = 2l F 2w
trian$le: A = 2+#23!h P = add all , sides
circle: A = r
2
; = 2r
TRIGONOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRY

*i$ht trian$le

&<:;A:T<A

sine A = sin A = side opposite#hpothenuse

cosine A = cos A = side ad%acent#hpotenuse

tan$ent A = tan A = sin A# cos A = side opposite#

side ad%acent

cosecant A = csc A = +#sin A

secant A = sec A = +#cos A

cotan$ent A = cot A = +#tan A = cos A #sin A

An$le of elevation#depression
TRIGONOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRY

An airplane -A/ ft a!ove a landin$ feld when the

pilot cuts out his motor. :e $lides to a landin$ at
an an$le of +,
A
with the feld. :ow far will he $lide
in reachin$ the feld G

A road runnin$ from the !ottom of the hill to the top

is E2/ m. ?f the hill is /- m hi$h, what is the an$le
of elevation of the road G