REPORTED BY :

CI ARA MARY B. CANSANCI O

The theory of heat
What is heat?
It is a form of energy
that flows from one
substance to another
that is at a lower
temperature.
Its standard unit is
JOULE named after
James Prescott Joule.
It is also called thermal
energy and commonly
used symbol for
amount of heat is Q.

Temperature
It is the property of a
substance that gives the
sensation of hotness or
coldness.



Thermometer
Device used to measure
temperature.


Optical pyrometer

Device used to measure
very high temperature
without touching the
object. This temperature
measuring device
operates on the principle
that the color of the light
given off by glowing
objects depends on its
temperature.

Temperature Scales:
1.) Celsius scale (centigrade Scale)
2.) Fahrenheit Scale
3.) Kelvin Scale
Temperature
Scales:
1.) Celsius scale
(centigrade Scale)
was a device by Anders
Celsius based on the
property of water of
water that 0 and boiling
point is 100

Temperature
Scales:
2.) Fahrenheit Scale
developed by Daniel
Gabriel Fahrenheit. In
this scale, 32 is the
freezing point of water
and 212 is the
equivalent for boiling
point.

Temperature
Scales:
3.) Kelvin Scale
-named after Lord Kelvin
(William Thomson).
Used when gasses are
involved. Its zero point (0
k) corresponds to -273 is
referred to as absolute
zero or temperature at
which matter is said to
have lost all its thermal
energy.
-It is called the standard
scale or the absolute
scale.
-Kelvin Scale is the
standard SI unit of
temperature.


Internal Energy

Total kinetic and potential energy of the particles of a
substance.
When heat flows into an object, its internal energy
increases.
When heat flows out of the object, its internal energy
decreases.

Thermal
Equilibrium

-A system is in thermal
equilibrium when all of
its parts have the same
temperature.

Zeroth law of
thermodynamics
-states that if two
objects are in
equilibrium with a third
object, then these two
objects are in thermal
equilibrium with each
other.


Thermal expansion

The changes in the dimensions of solid, liquid or gas
occurring due to the charge in temperature.

When a material is heated, its particles move faster, allowing
each other to move farther from its equilibrium position. This
means that each particle needs more room to move about in.
The overall effect is that material expands.

Thermal expansion may occur in three 3 dimensions:
1.) Linear expansion
2.) Surface expansion
3.) Volume/Bulk expansion

Thermal Expansion
1.) Linear expansion
occurs when the material is long but narrow.
The dimension that changes is the length.

Thermal Expansion
2.) Surface expansion
expansion is in terms of its surface area.

Thermal Expansion
3.) 3.) Volume/Bulk expansion
occurs when all 3 dimensions undergo
considerable expansions.


Heat exchange

Why do warm and cold
bodies placed side by
side attain the same
temperature
eventually?
Heat flows from the warm
body to the cold body
because of the unequal
temperatures, which in
the process reduces the
warm bodys
temperature. The heat
that flows into the cold
body increases the
bodys temperature.


Heat Capacity
The amount of heat that a given mass of substance
absorbs or releases to undergo a temperature change
of 1.
The standard unit for heat capacity is joule per
Kelvin (J/K).
Specific heat capacity
Refers to the amount of heat that a unit mass of a
substance absorbs or losses to change its
temperature by 1.

Heat Exchange
Law of conservation of energy
Implies that if the energy of an object goes up (or it is
temperature goes up), that energy is not newly created energy.
The energy comes from a source, which is the warm body.
Law of heat exchange
The amount of energy that the warm body lost is the same as
the amount of that cold body gained. This can also be stated as
follows:

Heat gained (by cold body) + heat lost (by warm body) = 0