LINA-PANDU-MARTHIN-MARSELLA-BOBY

ANATOMY OF CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
The components
Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

HEART
BLOOD
Two Circuit Path
Pulmonary circuit
The right side of the
heart the lungs the
left side of the heart.

Systemic circuit
The pathway between
the left and right sides of
the heart.


Circulatory routes
Simply put: heartarteriesarterioles
capillariesvenulesveinsheart
In a portal system blood passes through two consecutive
capillary networks before returning to the heart
An anastomosis is a point where two veins or arteries
merge with each other
Venous anastomosis provide alternative routes of
drainage from an organ, so blockage of a vein is seldom
life threatening
Arterial anastomosis is where two arteries merge and
provide collateral (alternate) routes of blood supply
Mediastinum

The mediastinum : superior
and inferior
The inferior mediastinum
subdivided by the pericardium
into anterior, middle, and
posterior parts.
The pericardium and its
contents (the heart and roots
of its great vessels) constitute
the middle mediastinum




The Cardiovascular System
1
HEART
The heart pumps blood into large vessels
that branch into smaller ones leading into the organs.
Materials are exchanged by diffusion between the
blood and the interstitial fluid bathing the cells.



2. Blood Vessels -A network of tubes
Arteriesarterioles move away from the heart
Elastic Fibers
Circular Smooth Muscle
Capillaries where gas exchange takes place.
One cell thick
Serves the Respiratory System
VeinsVenules moves towards the heart
Skeletal Muscles contract to force blood back
from legs
One way values
When they break - varicose veins form


2
Arteries
Arteries are more muscular than veins
3 types:
Conducting or elastic arteries-largest, expand
when ventricles contract (aorta is example)
Distributing or muscular arteries-distribute blood
to specific organs (brachial artery is example)
Resistance or small arteries-vary in location and
number, smallest are arterioles

Contain thin layer of endothelium designed for diffusion (tunica
interna)
Location for the exchange of gases
Few located in tendons, ligaments, and none in cartilage,
epithelium, and cornea and lens of eye
Organized into capillary beds which increase the total surface area
and slows blood flow

Veins and venules
Venules are small veins that connect to capillaries
Venous sinuses- are veins with very thin walls, large
lumens, and no smooth muscle (coronary sinus, dural
sinus)
Veins have a much lower blood pressure than arteries
(usually about 10 mmHg)
Veins have thinner walls and collapse when empty
Veins can expand to accommodate more blood than
arteries (considered to be blood reservoirs)
Upward flow of blood depends in part on the massage
action of skeletal muscle and on the presence of one
way venous valves that keep blood from dropping down
again when muscle relaxes

These valves are not present in small veins and very
large veins, veins of the ventral body cavity, and veins of
the brain
Varicose veins are caused by pooling of the blood and
stretching of the vein

Arterial pulse
Can palpate the pulse at:
Temporal artery, facial artery, carotid
artery, brachial artery, radial artery,
femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior
tibial artery, and dorsalis pedis artery
Pulse points
Paths of Circulation
1. Pulmonary circulation-begins with
pulmonary trunkpulmonary arteries-
--lobar arteries in lungs----capillary
beds---venules---veins---pulmonary
veins---left atrium
2. Systemic circulation-blood flow to rest of
body, often named for location

Pathway of Circulation
Oxygen-poor blood
draining from the body
through veins into the
superior and inferior vena
cava flows to the right
atrium, through the
tricuspid valve, and into
the right ventricle.
As the right ventricle
contracts, oxygen-poor
blood passes through the
pulmonary valve into the
pulmonary arteries and
on to the lungs to receive
oxygen.
Pulmonary circuit

Arteriole
Venule
Tissue cells
Vein
Artery
capillaries
Capillaries
Systemic circuit
composed of vessels that lead from the
heart to all body parts (except the
lungs) and back to the heart
includes the aorta and its branches
includes the system of veins that
return blood to the right atrium
Pathway of Circulation
Oxygen-rich blood from
the lungs enters the heart
through the pulmonary
veins, passing into the left
atrium.
Then through the mitral
valve to the left ventricle.
Contraction of the left
ventricle forces blood
through the aortic valve
into the aorta.
Various arteries branch off
from the aorta to supply
blood to all parts of the
body.
Branches of Aorta
Ascending aorta- arises from the left ventricle
Branches into coronary arteries which supply the heart
muscle
Aortic arch gives off 3 branches: brachiocephalic trunk,
left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
brachiocephalic trunk which splits into right common carotid
artery (supplies right side of head and neck), and right
subclavian artery (supplies right upper limb and some of thorax)
Descending aorta -passes downward behind the heart,
called thoracic aorta above the diaphragm and
abdominal aorta below it. It ends when it forks into left
and right common iliac arteries
Arteries to Head and Neck and
Brain
Branches of subclavian and common carotid
arteries supply neck, head, and brain
Vertebral arteries arise from subclavian arteries
and supply vertebrae and their ligaments and
muscles
Vertebral arteries unite to form basilar artery in
brain, and terminates by branching into two
posterior cerebral arteries (these help form
Circle of Willis)
Carotid arteries
Left and right common carotid arteries ascend deeply in neck and divide
into external and internal carotid arteries
External carotid artery gives off branches that supply neck, face, jaw, scalp,
and base of skull
Internal carotid artery follows a deep pathway to the base of the skull and
enters cranial cavity and provides a major blood supply to the brain

Circle of Willis

Arteries of Shoulder and Upper Limb
Subclavian artery continues into limb and becomes the axillary
artery (supplies axilla, and chest wall)
Axillary artery becomes the brachial artery (humerus to elbow)
Brachial artery gives rise to deep brachial artery which supplies
triceps muscle
Brachial artery divides at elbow into ulnar artery and radial artery
Arteries to Thoracic and Abdominal
wall
Subclavian artery branches into internal thoracic
artery which gives off two branches called
anterior intercostal arteries
Posterior intercostal arteries arise from thoracic
aorta
Branches from internal thoracic artery and
external iliac arteries supply anterior abdominal
wall
Paired vessels from abdominal aorta (phrenic
and lumbar arteries) supply posterior and lateral
abd. wall
Arteries to Pelvis and Lower Limb
Abdominal aorta divides into common iliac arteries at
pelvic brim
This divides into internal iliac artery (pelvic muscle,
viscera, gluteal muscles, and external genitalia)
Also divide into external iliac artery which is the main
blood supply to the lower extremity
External iliac artery becomes the femoral artery
Femoral branches into popliteal artery (behind knee)
Popliteal artery divides into anterior and posterior tibial
artery
Anterior tibial artery becomes the dorsalis pedis artery
which supplies the instep and toes

Posterior tibial artery descends beneath the calf muscle
Largest branch from posterior tibial artery is the fibular
artery which travels along the fibula

Abdominal aorta and major branches
The gastric, common hepatic, and splenic arteries are part of the
celiac trunk.
(splenic artery supplies spleen, gastric artery-stomach, renal artery-
kidney, common hepatic artery-liver)

ANATOMY : KIDNEY
( ANTERIOR VIEW )
ANATOMY : INTRARENAL ARTERIES
Venous system
Returns blood to heart after gas, nutrients,
and wastes are exchanged between blood
and body cells
The veins from all systemic areas of the
body merge into either the superior vena
cava or inferior vena cava
Major veins
Veins of Head, Neck, and Brain
External jugular veins drain blood from face, scalp, and superficial areas of
neck
Empty into the right and left subclavian veins at base of neck
Internal jugular veins drain brain, parts of face and neck and join subclavian
veins
Union of internal jugular vein and subclavian veins forms the
brachiocephalic veins on each side
These merge in mediastinum and give rise to superior vena cava
Veins from upper limb and shoulder
Main vessels of superficial network are basilic vein and
cephalic vein
Basilic vein ascends along medial side of arm until it
joins the brachial vein. They both unite to form the
axillary vein
Cephalic vein ascends along the lateral side of the arm
and joins the axillary vein at the shoulder. This forms the
subclavian vein
A median cubital vein is located at the bend of the elbow
and is used in venipuncture Deep veins parallel arteries
and are given the same names
Radial vein, ulnar vein, brachial vein, and axillary vein


Deep veins of arm

Veins of the abdominal and thoracic
walls
Veins from abdominal viscera originate in capillary
networks of stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen
and carry blood into the hepatic portal vein to the liver
From there blood enters hepatic sinusoids
Tributaries of this hepatic portal system include: right
and left gastric veins (stomach), superior mesenteric
vein (small intestine, ascending and transverse colon),
splenic vein (spleen), inferior mesenteric vein
(descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)
After entering hepatic sinusoids the blood travels into
hepatic veins then into inferior vena cava
Hepatic Portal System
Functions to filter deoxygenated but NUTRIENT RICH
blood received from digestive system to get rid of toxins
and bacteria BEFORE it is distributed to rest of body
Liver receives venous blood from digestive organs via
portal vein
Portal vein divides into 2 branches (left and right) which
enter liver
These keep branching until they form the hepatic
sinusoids within the lobes of the liver
The hepatic sinusoids unite to form the hepatic veins
which exit the liver and enter the inferior vena cava
Hepatic portal vein
Veins that drain abdominal viscera
ANATOMY : INTRARENAL ARTERIES
ANATOMY : RENAL ARTERY & VEIN

Veins from lower limb and pelvis
Deep veins of leg have names that correspond to arteries they
accompany
These include anterior and posterior tibial veins
At knee these merge to form popliteal vein
This continues through thigh as the femoral vein, which becomes
the external iliac vein
Superficial veins of foot, leg, thigh connect to form a complex
network beneath the skin and drain into 2 major trunks: the great
and small saphenous veins
Small saphenous vein passes upward behind lateral malleolus and
eventually joins the popliteal vein
The great saphenous vein is the longest vein in the body. It passes
along the medial side of the leg and thigh and eventually joins the
femoral vein (use this one in coronary bypass surgery)


Vessels leading to internal iliac vein drain the reproductive organs,
urinary, and digestive
Internal iliac veins originate deep in pelvis and ascend to unite with
the right and left iliac veins to form common iliac veins
These merge to produce the inferior vena cava at the 5
th
lumbar
vertebra

Veins that drain the lower extremity
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