Introduction to Signals

Chapter 02

Lecture 02
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Signals
A signal is a set of information or data.

Examples
a telephone or television signal,
monthly sales of a corporation,
the daily closing prices of a stock market

We deal exclusively with signals that are
functions of time.
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Speech Signal
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Energy of Signals
The signal energy E
g
of g(t) is defined (for
a real signal) as


In the case of a complex valued signal
g(t), the energy is given by
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Power of Signals
Power of the signal is defined as

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Energy Signals
A signal g(t) is an energy signal if E
g
<

A necessary condition for the energy to be
finite is that the signal amplitude goes to zero
as time tends to infinity

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Power Signal
A signal is a power signal if




A signal cannot be an energy and a power
signal at the same time

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Energy Signal
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Power Signal
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Unit Impulse Function
The Unit Impulse function or Dirac function
is defined as



Multiplication of a function by an impulse


) ( ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( t t t o | o | =
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Delayed impulse


Sampling property of the Unit Impulse
Function
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( T t T T t t = o | o |
) 0 ( ) ( ) ( | o | =
}

dt t t
) ( ) ( ) ( T dt T t t | o | =
}

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Unit Step function
Unit step function u(t), defined as


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SIGNALS AND VECTORS
Vector g can be expressed in terms of
vector x as

or
The inner product between two vectors is
e x g + =c
x g c ~
u cos x g x g =
2
0 cos x x x x x = =
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length component of g along x axis is
and

Therefore

Multiplying both sides by the length of x


Note that c is zero if both vectors are orthogonal
u cos g x c
u cos = g x c
x g x g x x = = u cos c
2
x
x g
= c
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Component of a signal
We can do similar study for two signals




When c is zero both signals are orthogonal
x
t
t
t
t
t
t
E
dt t x t g
dt t x
dt t x t g
c
}
}
}
= =
2
1
2
1
2
1
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
2
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Orthogonality in Complex Signals
Similarly for complex signals
x
t
t
E
dt t x t g
c
}
=
2
1
) ( ) (
*
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Energy of orthogonal signals
If vectors x and y are orthogonal, and if
z = x + y
|z|
2
= |x|
2
+ |y|
2
(Pythagorean Theorem)

If signals x(t) and y(t) are orthogonal and if
z(t) = x(t) + y(t)
then
E
z
= E
x
+ E
y

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Proof
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Questions?