The document summarizes a presentation on a study investigating the effect of partially replacing granite with gravel as coarse aggregate in concrete. The study aims to understand the role of coarse aggregates on the strength and workability of structural concrete. Testing will involve casting concrete cubes with 0-100% replacement of granite with gravel, using a mix ratio of 1:2:4, and testing compressive strength at different curing ages. The research is intended to provide information on using granite and gravel aggregates in concrete and evaluate the strength characteristics to ensure code compliance.
The document summarizes a presentation on a study investigating the effect of partially replacing granite with gravel as coarse aggregate in concrete. The study aims to understand the role of coarse aggregates on the strength and workability of structural concrete. Testing will involve casting concrete cubes with 0-100% replacement of granite with gravel, using a mix ratio of 1:2:4, and testing compressive strength at different curing ages. The research is intended to provide information on using granite and gravel aggregates in concrete and evaluate the strength characteristics to ensure code compliance.
The document summarizes a presentation on a study investigating the effect of partially replacing granite with gravel as coarse aggregate in concrete. The study aims to understand the role of coarse aggregates on the strength and workability of structural concrete. Testing will involve casting concrete cubes with 0-100% replacement of granite with gravel, using a mix ratio of 1:2:4, and testing compressive strength at different curing ages. The research is intended to provide information on using granite and gravel aggregates in concrete and evaluate the strength characteristics to ensure code compliance.
WITH GRAVEL ON THE STRENGTH AND WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
BY
ADEYEMI TIMILEYIN MARTINS 080402004
CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS
SUPERVISOR: DR. C.B. ECHETA
APRIL 2013 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY Nigeria is one of the many countries in the world that has the construction industry as one of the most effective and living sectors in the economic system. Building materials are considered the strength of this industry; most construction materials cannot be ignored or disregarded in any form of construction work. There have been attempts by engineers to use various types of materials for the main purpose of making the task more efficient, reducing time and cost, improving durability, quality, and performance of the structures during their lifetime. Therefore, there have being trial of different substitution of the materials use for construction works which almost all results in varied behaviours. PROBLEM STATEMENT In the present Nigeria, it was observed that the use of gravel as a constituent of concrete on construction site is getting extremely rampant. This was observed to have resulted from decision made by clients that site workers should use same quantity of gravel in place of granite in the project concrete mix. The clients are obviously more concern about the cost of construction while they forgo the instructions of the design or structural engineer. Design engineer must have made a structural design that conforms to the use of granite and the strength of the mix as designed is expected to attain concrete characteristics strength of about 25N/mm 2 . AIM AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this project is To reach a clear understanding of the role and effect of coarse aggregates (gravel and/or granite) in the characteristic strength and workability of structural concrete. To study the suitability of granite/gravel aggregate as coarse aggregate in concrete and To investigate the performance of concrete replaced by 0,20,40,60,80 and100% of gravel to granite using mix ratio of 1:2:4 at different curing age.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
This project is expected to provide To provide some information about the use of granite and gravel aggregate in concrete. To evaluate the compressive strength and characteristics of such concrete before establishing its use to ensure that it falls within limits established by the codes of practice.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION 2012 MATHUSAMY AND SABRI COCKLE SHELL: A POTENTIAL COARSE AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT IN CONCRETE RESULTS SHOW THAT REPLACEMENT OF APPROPRIATE COCKLE SHELL CONTENT ABLE TO PRODUCE WORKABLE CONCRETE WITH SATISFACTORY STRENGTH. INTEGRATION OF 20% COCKLE SHELL ENHANCED THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MAKING IT TO BE THE HIGHEST AS COMPARED TO ANY OTHER REPLACEMENT LEVEL. 2006 Peter Ndoke NDOKE PERFORMANCE OF PALM KERNEL SHELLS AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR COARSE AGGREGATE IN ASPHALT CONCRETE IT WAS OBSERVED THAT PALM KERNEL SHELLS CAN BE USED TO REPLACE COARSE AGGREGATE UP TO 30% BEFORE DRASTIC REDUCTIONS BECOME NOTICEABLE. IT IS THEREFORE RECOMMENDED THAT FOR HEAVILY TRAFFICKED ROADS, PALM KERNEL SHELLS UP TO 10% CAN BE USED FOR THE REPLACEMENT WHILE EVEN 100% REPLACEMENT IS POSSIBLE FOR LIGHTLY TRAFFICKED ROADS IN THE RURAL SETTINGS. YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION 2012 USMAN, N.D. et al THE USE OF SAWDUST AND PALM KERNEL SHELL AS SUBSTITUTE FOR FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THE WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY IN BOTH SAW DUST AND PALM KERNEL SHELLS WOULD NEED TO BE MODIFIED IN ORDER TO IMPROVE ITS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY.SMALLER SIZES OF PALM KERNEL WILL HELP IN PROPER INTERLOCK OF THE PARTICLES IN CONCRETE MASS. 2010 EFE IKPONWOSA, et al STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE BEAMS WITH CEMENT PARTIALLY REPLACED BY UNCALCINED SOLDIER-ANT MOUND CLAY THE ADDITION OF SAMC IN THE MIX PRODUCED CONCRETE OF LOWER DENSITY THAN NORMAL CONCRETE: INCREASES THE INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT WITH INCREASED WORKABILITY. THE DENSITY AS WELL AS THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE DECREASED WITH INCREASE IN SAMC CONTENT. ABOUT 5% SAMC IS ICONSIDERED SUFFICENT FOR IMPROVED STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE IN A MIX. YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION 2010 MANASSEH JOEL USE OF CRUSHED GRANITE FINE AS REPLACEMENT TO RIVER SAND IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION RIVER SAND REPLACED WITH 20% CGF IS RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN THE PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE FOR USE IN RIGID PAVEMENT. CONSERVATION OF RIVER SAND IN ADDITION TO BETTER WAYS OF DISPOSING WASTES FROM THE QUARRY SITES ARE SOME OF THE MERITS OF USING CGF. 2009 OLUFEMI AGBEDE AND JOEL MANASSEH SUITABILITY OF PERIWINKLE SHELL AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR RIVER GRAVEL IN CONCRETE PERIWINKLE SHELLS CAN BE USED AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR RIVER GRAVEL IN NORMAL CONSTRUCTION WORKS ESPECIALLY IN PLACEES WHERE RIVER IS IN SHORT SUPPLY AND PERIWINKLE SHELLS ARE READILY AVAILABE. YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION 2000 YIXIN SHAO et al STUDIES ON CONCRETE CONTAINING GROUND WASTE GLASS THEY CONCLUDED FROM THEIR RESULTS THAT GROUND GLASS HAVING A PARTICLE SIZE FINER THAN 38M DID EXHIBIT A POZZOLANIC BEHAVIOR. THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FROM LIME-GLASS TESTS EXCEEDED A THRESHOLD VALUE OF 4.1 MPA. 2003 RAFAT SIDDIQUE. EFFECT OF FINE AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT WITH CLASS F FLY ASH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE TEST RESULTS INDICATE SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT IN THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF PLAIN CONCRETE BY THE INCLUSION OF FLY ASH AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE (SAND), AND CAN BE EFFECTIVELY USED IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION 2004 TARUN R. NAIK et al PRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS USING INDUSTRIAL BY- PRODUCTS ALL WET-CAST BRICKS COULD BE USED FOR BOTH EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR WALLS IN REGIONS WHERE FREEZING AND THAWING IS NOT A CONCERN, AND FOR INTERIOR WALLS IN REGIONS WHERE FREEZING AND THAWING IS A CONCERN. 2007 N.P. RAJAMANE et al PREDICTION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH FLY ASH AS SAND REPLACEMENT MATERIAL 2008 K. GANESAN et al RICE HUSK ASH BLENDED CEMENT: ASSESSMENT OF OPTIMAL LEVEL OF REPLACEMENT FOR STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE TEST RESULTS OBTAINED IN THIS STUDY INDICATE THAT UP TO 30% OF RHA COULD BE ADVANTAGEOUSLY BLENDED WITH CEMENT WITHOUT ADVERSELY AFFECTING THE STRENGTH AND PERMEABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE. YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION 2008 ZAINAB Z. ISMAIL et al USE OF WASTE PLASTIC IN CONCRETE MIXTURE AS AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT RESULTS PROVED THE ARREST OF THE PROPAGATION OF MICRO CRACKS BY INTRODUCING WASTE PLASTIC OF FABRIFORM SHAPES TO CONCRETE MIXTURES. 2009 S.A. RAJI et al EFFECT OF REPROCESSED PURE WATER SACHET (PWS) ON THE STRENGTH AND FIRE RESISTANCE OF CEMENT CONCRETE IT WAS OBSERVED THAT THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF THE CUBE WITH 05 PWS INCREASED WHILE THAT OF 2% TO 10% DECREASED AS COMPACTED TO THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 28DAYS. 2009 ZAINAB Z. ISMAIL et al RECYLING OF WASTE GLASS AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE THE MORTAR BAR TESTS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE FINELY CRUSHED WASTE GLASS HELPED REDUCE EXPANSION BY 66% AS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL MIX. YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION 2010 F. FALADE et al BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE CONTAINING PERIWINKLE SHELLS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE DECREASED WITH INCREASE IN WATER/CEMENT RATIO AND TEMPERATURE BUT INCREASED WITH INCREASE IN CURING AGE AND CEMENT CONTENT WHILE THE DENSITY DECREASED WITH INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE. 2010 FELIXKALA AND PARTHEEBAN GRANITE POWDER CONCRETE THE TEST RESULTS INDICATED THAT THE VALUES OF BOTH PLASTIC AND DRYING SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE IN THE GRANITE POWDER CONCRETE SPECIMENS WERE NOMINAL THAN THOSE OF ORDINARY CONCRETE SPECIMENS. YEAR AUTHOR TITLE CONCLUSION 2012 DIVAKAR. Y et al EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON BEHAVIOURS OF CONCRETE WITH THE USE OF GRANITE FINES THE REPLACEMENT OF 35% GRANITE FINES THE TEST RESULTS SHOWS NO DECREASE IN STRENGTH COMPARED WITH THE CONVENTIONAL MIX USING FULLY SAND AS FINE AGGREGATES. AN OVERALL INCREASE IN STRENGTH WITH 35% REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATES WITH GRANITE FINES WAS OBSERVED. 2012 EMIERO AND OYEDEPO AN INVESTIGATION ON THE STRENGTH AND WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE USING PALM KERNEL SHELL AND PALM KERNEL FIBRE AS A COARSE AGGREGATE THAT GRANITE IS BETTER COMPARED TO ALL OTHER NATURAL AVAILABLE AGGREGATE. CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Concrete Materials MATERIALS Parameter ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT THE CEMENT TO BE USED WILL SATISFY INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ON CEMENT (BS 12 PORTLAND CEMENT) FINE AGGREGATE (SAND) SHARP WITH LESS IMPURITIES COARSE AGGREGATE (GRAVEL AND GRANITE) THE COARSE AGGREGATE TO BE USED IN THIS RESEARCH WILL BE CRUSHED GRANITE OF IGNEOUS ORIGIN AND WASHED GRAVEL POTABLE WATER THE WATER TO BE USED WILL BE OBTAINED FROM THE LABORATORY TAPS. THE WATER IS EXPECTED TO BE POTABLE Test Apparatus Procedure Parameter SIEVE ANALYSIS
Mechanical Sieve Shaker, Sieve brush, Weighing Balance, Various Sizes of Sieve Ranging From 2.36mm - 65m, Drying oven, Evaporating pans
Arrange the sieves sizes accordingly, with the larger size at the top. Transfer the weighed material into the sieve and shake for 10mins, material retained on each sieve is weigh the material on each sieve and accord the amount.
Coefficient of uniformity and coefficient of curvature.
The aggregate is first weighed (W1), thereafter dried . Weight (W2) is then taken. Moisture content (W1-W2) x 100% W2
AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE 6(150mm) diameter open-ended steel cylinder with plunger and base plate, standard metal tamping rod, balance, B.S. sieves 912.5mm); 3/8 (9.8mm), compression testing machines
Take from a clean and dry sample of 12.5mm maximum coarse aggregate. Fill two cylinders for tests. Give 25blows to each layers with tamping rod. Load at a rate of 5tonnes/minute, subject the sample to a load of 40 tonnes. Determine the weight of the sample passing the No. 7 sieve
W= (W/ n)% Laboratory Experiment Test Apparatus Procedure Parameter SLUMP TEST Mould, Tamping rod, Steel rule, Stopwatch, Hand trowel. Clean and place the mould on a smooth and stable platform free from vibration. Prepare a fresh mix concrete using 1:2:4 of binder, sand and granite, with W/B ratio of 0.7. The constituents is mix thoroughly and fill in 3 layers where each layer is tamped with 25 strokes before the other layer is poured. After tamping the top layer, the mould is fillled and cleaned up. Remove the mould and record the slump and its type. Consistence of concrete and the workability of concrete. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST ON CONCRETE CUBES Concrete mixer, 150mm x150mm x 150mm cube moulds , Tamping rod (16mm) , Slump cone, Shovel, Scoop, Curing tank, Compression testing machine, Head pans, Weighing machine
Tighten , clean n grease the mould. Prepare a fresh mix concrete using 1:2:4 of binder, sand and granite, with W/B ratio of 0.7. The constituents is mix thoroughly and fill in 3 layers where each layer is tamped with 25 strokes before the other layer is poured. The cubes are de-moulded after 24 hrs and subsequently placed in a curing tank containing potable water.
Compressive strength and effect of water /binder ratio on the compressive strength. CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND PROGRESS
RESULTS: SIEVE ANALYSIS Test Sieves Weight Retained (g) Percentage Retained (%) Cumulative Percentage Retained (%) Percentage Passing (%) 2.36mm 21.78 7.78 7.78 92.22 1.18mm 59.41 21.22 29.00 71.00 710m 73.51 26.25 55.25 44.75 600m 17.39 6.21 61.46 38.54 425m 50.52 18.04 79.50 20.50 300m 30.44 10.87 90.38 9.63 212m 14.47 5.17 95.54 4.46 150m 5.54 1.98 97.52 2.48 75m 2.26 0.81 98.33 1.67 dust 0.43 0.15 98.48 1.52 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR FINE AGGGREGATE USED Test Sieves Weight Retained (g) Percentage Retained (%) Cumulative Passing Retained (%) Percentage Passing (%) 37.5mm 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 25.5mm 17.85 0.60 0.60 99.40 19.6mm 80.22 2.69 3.29 96.71 12.7mm 16.32 0.55 3.84 96.16 9.53mm 208.4 6.99 10.83 89.17 6mm 744.71 24.99 35.82 64.18 4.76mm 782.81 26.27 62.09 37.91 2.36mm 1002.83 33.65 95.74 4.26 dust 38.41 1.29 97.03 2.97 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR (GRAVEL) COARSE AGGGREGATE USED Test Sieves Weight Retained (g) Percentage Retained (%) Cumulative Passing Retained (%) Percentage Passing (%) 37.5mm 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 25.5mm 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 19.6mm 1060 17.76 17.76 82.24 12.7mm 3830 64.15 81.91 18.09 9.53mm 613.17 10.27 92.18 7.82 6mm 337.77 5.66 97.84 2.16 4.76mm 31.35 0.53 98.36 1.64 dust 93.9 1.57 99.94 0.06 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR (GRANITE) COARSE AGGGREGATE USED SO FAR I have washed a large quantity of my gravel required. I have concluded sieve analysis on my materials (sand, gravel and granite) I have sieved a number of my gravel needed into different sizes since I will be considering fineness.
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