Prof. Brian L.

Evans
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
EE 382C-9 Embedded Software Systems Lecture 14
Communication Systems
April 5, 2004
14 - 2
Telephone Touchtone Signal
Dual-tone multiple frequency (DTMF) signaling
Sum of a sinusoid from
low-frequency group and
high-frequency group
On for 40-60 ms and off
for rest of signal interval
Signal interval: 100 ms for AT&T, 80 ms for ITU
Keys A-D are for military and radio signaling applications
Standards
AT&T: 10 digits/s maximum dialing rate (40 bits/s)
ITU Q.24: 12.5 digits/s maximum dialing rate (50 bits/s)
1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz
697 Hz 1 2 3 A
770 Hz 4 5 6 B
852 Hz 7 8 9 C
941 Hz * 0 # D
14 - 3
Communication Systems
Information sources
Message signal m(t) is information source to be sent
Possible information sources include voice, music, images,
video, and data, which are baseband (lowpass) signals
Baseband signals have power concentrated near DC
Basic structure of analog communication system
shown below
m(t)
Signal
Processing
Carrier
Circuits
Transmission
Medium
Carrier
Circuits
Signal
Processing
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
s(t)
r(t)
) ( t m
CHANNEL
14 - 4
Transmitter
Signal processing
Conditions message signal
Lowpass filtering to make sure that the message signal
occupies a specific bandwidth, e.g. in AM and FM radio,
each station is assigned a slot in the frequency domain.
In a digital communications system, we might add
redundancy to the message bit stream m[n] to assist in error
detection (and possibly correction) in the receiver
m(t)
Signal
Processing
Carrier
Circuits
Transmission
Medium
Carrier
Circuits
Signal
Processing
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
s(t)
r(t)
) ( t m
CHANNEL
14 - 5
Transmitter
Carrier circuits
Convert baseband signal (centered at 0 Hz) into frequency
band appropriate for channel (centered at carrier frequency)
In FM radio, carrier frequency is radio station frequency,
e.g. 94.7 MHz for Mix FM in Austin, TX
Upconversion uses analog and/or digital modulation
Analog amplitude modulation would multiply input
baseband signal by sinusoid at the carrier frequency
m(t)
Signal
Processing
Carrier
Circuits
Transmission
Medium
Carrier
Circuits
Signal
Processing
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
s(t)
r(t)
) ( t m
CHANNEL
14 - 6
Channel
Transmission medium
Wireline (twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optics)
Wireless (indoor/air, outdoor/air, underwater, space)
Propagating signals experience a gradual
degradation over distance
Boosting improves signal and reduces noise, e.g.
repeaters

m(t)
Signal
Processing
Carrier
Circuits
Transmission
Medium
Carrier
Circuits
Signal
Processing
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
s(t)
r(t)
) ( t m
CHANNEL
14 - 7
Transmit One Bit
Transmission over communication channel (e.g.
telephone line) is analog
2-level digital pulse amplitude modulation
T
h t
) (t h
1
T
b
t
) (
1
t x
A
1 bit
T
b
) (
0
t x
-A
0 bit
Model channel as
LTI system with
impulse response
h(t)
Communication
Channel
input output
x(t) y(t)
t
) (
0
t y
-A T
h
receive
0 bit
t
T
h
+T
b
T
h
Assume that T
h
< T
b
t
) (
1
t y
receive
1 bit
T
h
+T
b

T
h
A T
h
14 - 8
Transmit Two Bits (Interference)
Transmitting two bits (pulses) back-to-back
will cause overlap (interference) at the receiver




Sample y(t) at T
b
, 2 T
b
, , and
threshold with threshold of zero
Change in transmitter to prevent
intersymbol interference (ISI)?
T
h t
) (t h
1
Assume that T
h
< T
b
t T
b
) (t x
A
1 bit
0 bit
2T
b
* =
) (t y
-A T
h
t
T
b

1 bit
0 bit
T
h
+T
b

intersymbol
interference
14 - 9
Transmit Two Bits (No Interference)
Prevent intersymbol interference by waiting T
h

seconds between pulses (called a guard period)





Disadvantages?
T
h t
) (t h
1
Assume that T
h
< T
b
* =
t T
b
) (t x
A
1 bit
0 bit
T
h
+T
b

t
) (t y
-A T
h
T
b

1 bit
0 bit
T
h
+T
b

T
h
14 - 10
Wireline Channel Impairments
Attenuation: linear distortion that is dependent on
the frequency response of the channel.
Spreading: the finite extent of each transmitted
pulse increases, i.e. pulse widens
Transmit pulse length T
s
Channel impulse response length T
h

Resulting waveform due to convolution has duration T
s
+ T
h

Phase jitter: same sinusoid experiences different
phase shifts in time-varying channel
Additive noise: arises from many sources in the
transmitter, channel, and receiver
14 - 11
Wireless Channel Impairments
Same as wireline channel impairments plus others
Fading: multiplicative noise
Example: talking on a cellular phone while driving a car
when the reception fades in and out
Multiple propagation paths
Multiple ways for transmitted signal to arrive at receiver
Simplified channel model for simulation
Finite impulse response filter plus
Additive white Gaussian noise
14 - 12
Channel Modeling
Ideal
channel

Simplified
channel


Time
varying
fading
channel
Finite impulse
response filter
Gaussian
noise
Gain
Delay
Finite impulse
response filter
Gaussian
noise
Coefficients
Rician
random
signal
All blocks are
homogeneous
synchronous
dataflow
14 - 13
Receiver and Information Sinks
Receiver
Carrier circuits convert transmission band (centered at
carrier frequency) to baseband signal (centered at 0 Hz)
Signal processing subsystem extracts and enhances the
baseband signal
Information sinks
Output devices, e.g. computer screens, speakers, TV screens


m(t)
Signal
Processing
Carrier
Circuits
Transmission
Medium
Carrier
Circuits
Signal
Processing
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
s(t)
r(t)
) ( t m
CHANNEL
14 - 14
Hybrid Communication Systems
Mixed analog and digital signal processing in the
transmitter and receiver
Example: message signal is digital but broadcast over an
analog channel (compressed speech in digital cell phones)
Signal processing in transmitter


Signal processing in receiver
m(t)
A/D
Converter
Error
Correcting
Codes
Digital
Signaling
Decoder

Waveform
Generator
Equalizer

Detection

digital
sequence
digital
sequence
code
baseband signal
D/A
Converter
A/D

D/A

14 - 15
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
c c
c
F Y
t t f t y
e e o e e o t e
t
e
e
+ + - =
=
2
1
cos
Amplitude Modulation by Cosine
Multiplication in time: convolution in Fourier
domain of baseband signal f(t)


Sifting property of Dirac delta functional


Fourier transform
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
t t x d t x t t t t x
t x d t x t t x
= = -
= = -
}
}

t t t o o
t t t o o
( ) ( ) ( )
c c
F F Y e e e e e + + =
2
1
2
1
Two copies
of F(e)
14 - 16
Amplitude Modulation by Cosine
Example: y(t) = f(t) cos(e
c
t)
f(t) is baseband (lowpass) signal with bandwidth e
m

e
m
<< e
c
Y(e) is real-valued if F(e) is real-valued





Demodulation: modulation then lowpass filtering
Similar derivation for modulation with sin(e
c
t)
e
0
1
e
m
-e
m
F(e)
e

0
Y(e)

-e
c
- e
m
-e
c
+ e
m
e
c
e
c
- e
m
e
c
+ e
m
e
c
F(e e
c
) F(e + e
c
)
14 - 17
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
c c
c
j F Y
t t f t y
e e o e e o t e
t
e
e
+ - =
=

2
1
sin
Amplitude Modulation by Sine
Multiplication in time is convolution in Fourier
domain baseband signal f(t)


Sifting property of the Dirac delta functional


Fourier transform
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0


t t x d t x t t t t x
t x d t x t t x
= = -
= = -
}
}

t t t o o
t t t o o
( ) ( ) ( )
c c
F
j
F
j
Y e e e e e + =
2 2
Two copies
of F(e)
14 - 18
Amplitude Modulation by Sine
Example: y(t) = f(t) sin(e
0
t)
Assume f(t) is an ideal lowpass signal with bandwidth e
1

Assume e
1
<< e
0
Y(e) is imaginary-valued if F(e) is real-valued




Demodulation: modulation then lowpass filtering
e
Y(e)
j
-e
c
- e
m
-e
c
+ e
m
e
c
e
c
- e
m
e
c
+ e
m
e
0

-j F(e e
c
) j F(e + e
c
)
-j
e
0
1
e
m
-e
m
F(e)
14 - 19
One carrier
Single signal
Occupies all available
transmission bandwidth
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
frequency
channel
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

f
c
Bits
Constellation
encoder
Bandpass
Lowpass
filter
Lowpass
filter
I
Q
Transmit
cos(2t f
c
t)
sin(2t f
c
t)
-
Modulator
I
Q i
X
00110
Lookup Table
to give I + j Q
14 - 20
Universal Data Type
Envelope representation
Carrier (center) frequency

Baseband signal
In-phase component
Quadrature component
Time step (sampling period of baseband signal)
Baseband representation
Carrier frequency of zero