Chapter 1

Introduction

William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture
8
th
Edition
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Architecture & Organization 1
Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer
Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is how features are implemented
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?
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Architecture & Organization 2
All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
The IBM System/370 family share the same basic
architecture

This gives code compatibility
At least backwards
Organization differs between different versions
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Structure & Function
Structure is the way in which components relate
to each other
Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
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Function
All computer functions are:
Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control
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Functional View
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Operations (a) Data movement
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Operations (b) Storage
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Operation (c) Processing from/to
storage
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Operation (d)
Processing from
storage to I/O
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Structure - Top Level
Computer
Main
Memory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer
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Structure - The CPU
Computer
Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus
CPU
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Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
Control
Memory
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Sequencing
Login
Control
Unit
ALU
Registers
Internal
Bus
Control Unit
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Number systems
THE DECIMAL SYSTEM
decimal digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
83eight tens plus three:83 = (8 * 10) + 3
The decimal system is said to have a base, or radix, of
10.
This means that each digit in the number is multiplied by
10 raised to a power corresponding to that digits
position:
83 = (8 * 101) + (3 * 100)
The same principle holds for decimal fractions but
negative powers of 10 are used. Thus, the
decimal fraction 0.256 stands for 2 tenths plus 5
hundredths plus 6 thousandths:
0.256 = (2 * 10-1) + (5 * 10-2) + (6 * 10-3)
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continue
A number with both an integer and fractional part
has digits raised to both positive and negative
powers of 10:
472.256 = (4 * 102) + (7 * 101) + (2 * 100) + (2 * 10-
1) + (5 * 10-2) + (6 * 10-3)

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THE BINARY SYSTEM
Only two digits, 1 and 0.Thus, numbers in the
binary system are represented to the base 2.
The digits 1 and 0 in binary notation have the
same meaning as in decimal notation:
1
2
= 1
10
0
2
= 0
10
To represent larger numbers, as with decimal
notation, each digit in a binary number has a
value depending on its position:
10
2
= (1 * 2
1
) + (0 * 2
0
) = 2
10
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Internet Resources
- Web site for book
http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html
links to sites of interest
links to sites for courses that use the book
errata list for book
information on other books by W. Stallings
http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html
Math
How-to
Research resources
Misc

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Internet Resources
- Web sites to look for
WWW Computer Architecture Home Page
CPU Info Center
Processor Emporium
ACM Special Interest Group on Computer
Architecture
IEEE Technical Committee on Computer
Architecture
Intel Technology Journal
Manufacturers sites
Intel, IBM, etc.

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Internet Resources
- Usenet News Groups
comp.arch
comp.arch.arithmetic
comp.arch.storage
comp.parallel
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