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1. Hydrology for Engineers, Linsley

2. Hydrology for Engineers , Wilson
3. Hydrology in Practice, E. Shaw
S O Dulo
FCE 425 - Hydrology I (45 hrs)
Syllabus (45 hrs)
Introduction. Hydrological cycle.
Rainfall and Rainfall data analysis.
Evaporation and transpiration: factors and methods of
computation. Infiltration and Percolation.
Runoff: factors affecting runoff, stream flow measurement and
rating curves determination.
Streamflow data analysis. Subsurface water: soil-water
relationship and measurement of soil moisture.
Determination of permeability.
Lab Experiments: Measurements of weather parameters like
precipitation, sunshine, evaporation, wind speed, calibration
of instruments.

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Course requirements
Attendance
Course work 20
Cats 10
Exams 70
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Definition
Hydrology is the study of water of the earth
The study includes
Precipitation
Movement over land
Movement below the ground surface
Evaporation and transpiration from land, water and
plants
Condensation and reprecipitation
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Introduction
1950-1970Policy
WRM is a primary engineering task to build
dams, lay pipelines, install pumps, and operate
systems

Todays Policy
WRM must pursue sustainable development
with measures that manage water for human
system, but at the same time protect and
nature natural systems for the benefit of future
generations
Introduction
Potable water is most valuable and under
appreciated resource of our planet.
Why?
Because in many locations, the "aquifer" is hundreds
of meters below ground and extends over a vast area
that includes multiple municipal and state
boundaries.
Introduction
Over 70 % of the earth's surface is covered with
water, but < 0.5 % of this water is usable freshwater
resource.
All the remainder of the water is salt water.
The water on this planet moves through a cycle that
is the ultimate solar power driven system and the cycle
is in dynamic equilibrium.
Water is constantly changing position, phase, and
form
World Water Total
97.2 % Ocean
2.8 % Fresh
2.15 % glaciers
0.65 % ground
water
0.0001 %
streams
0.009 % lakes
0.008 % seas
0.005 % soil
0.001 %
atmosphere
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The
Water
Cycle
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The Water Cycle
Powered by the Sun- Solar Power
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Basic Cycle
Ocean
Evaporation
Evaporation (ET)
runoff
Precipitation
Aquifer
Infiltration
Evaporation
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
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More Detailed Cycle Components
Ocean
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration
runoff
Aquifer
Infiltration
Recharge
Evaporation
Precipitation
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
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More Detailed Cycle Components
Ocean
Evaporation
Evapo-transpiration
runoff
Water
Supply
Discharge
treated water
Salt Water Intrusion
Aquifer
Infiltration
Recharge
Evaporation
Extraction
Precipitation
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
Soil moisture
Infiltration (Art)
Extraction

Return flow
Treated water Aquifer intrusion
Soil moisture
Soil
moisture
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Components of the Water Cycle

First The Ins
Solar Energy Input
Precipitation
Condensation
Well Injection
Irrigation

The Outs
Evaporation
Transpiration
Infiltration
Percolation
Runoff
Groundwater Flow
Surface water Flow
Well Pumping


water cycle
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Precipitation
Types of Precipitation
Natural
Rain
Snow
Ice
Hail
Condensation/ Dew
Man-Made
Irrigation
Wastewater Applications

Hydrologic Cycle -Transpiration
Water vapor emitted from
plant leaves
Actively growing plants
transpire 5 to 10 times as
much water as they can hold at
once
These water particles then
collect and form clouds
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Interception
Infiltration / Percolation
Canopy Interception
Percolation
Infiltration
Infiltration- Movement Water Into
Soil
Percolation - Water Movement
Through (IN) the Soil
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Evaporation / Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Evaporation- Driven by
Thermal
Gradient and Moisture
Difference
Stomata
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Runoff / Overland Flow
When Rainfall Rate Exceeds
Infiltration Runoff is Generated
Low Infiltration
Causes - Overland Flow-
Loss Organic Material
Uncontrolled Runoff
Causes Erosion
ENEA Workshop
Day 1 ~ Lecture 3
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z Z
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Basic Cycle
Temperate climate Semi-arid climate Arid climate
% mm % mm % mm
Total precipitation
100 500 - 1500 100 200 - 500 100 0 - 200
Real evapotranspiration
~ 33 150 - 500 ~ 50 100 - 250 ~ 70 0 - 140
Groundwater recharge
~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 20 40 - 100 ~ 1 0 - 2
Surface runoff
~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 30 60 - 150 ~ 29 0 - 58
Approximate annual hydrological budget
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SW/GW relations - Humid vs Arid Zones
A. Cross section of a gaining
stream, which is typical of humid
regions,
where groundwater recharges
streams
B. Cross section of a losing stream,
which is typical of arid regions,
where streams can recharge
groundwater
1. Cycle Component Concepts
Standard Concepts (Physical)
Precipitation
Evaporation/Evapotranspitation
Surface Water
Groundwater

Ecosystem & Use Related (Basin/Watershed Perspective)
Green water (Terrestrial ecosystems, Crops, Wetlands)- water that is
directly used for biomass production and lost in evaportaion
Blue water (Throughflow & return flow)
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2. The ecosystem where the water is !
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BOGS
AQUIFERS
Blue & Green Water - perspective
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Precipitation the basic water resource
GW
GW
GW
GW
GW
Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change
Blue & Green Water Pathways
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Consumptive water use by terrestrial ecosystems as seen in a global perspective. (Falkenmark in SIWI Seminar 2001).
percentages
3. Ground Water Considerations
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Special considerations:

Supply sources are not as temporal as surface waters
Commonly more stable both from a quality and quantity
viewpoint
Consistent good quality with low treatment costs
Widespread availability away from river courses (in good host rock &
climatic settings)
Practical expansion and development pathway augmented
as needed
Can be independently developed in its early stages of
development
3. Ground Water Considerations
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3. Basin & aquifer boundaries: real or political ?
Waters in the past have rarely been managed at basin or
aquifer scales.
WHY??
- Politics and power structures
- Professional & Institutional jealousy
- Turf - donor/funding/research/grants
- Laws (archaic and intransigent)
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2. Watersheds boundaries and divides ?
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Source: Modified from IHP-VI, 2001-ISARM
Country 1
Country 2
Country 3
3. Basin & aquifer boundaries: real or political ?
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CONCLUSIONS:
1) Actively challenge non-hydrologic boundaries.
2) Ground and surface water boundaries can differ.
Country 1
Country 2
Country 3
WHAT ARE OTHER COMPONENTS
IN THE CYCLE TODAY?
Soil water
Extraction schemes
Artificial recharge
Return flow
Treated water - reuse
Instrusion

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What is weather?
Weather describes the
state of the atmosphere
at any particular time.
Weather can be
described in terms of
temperature,
precipitation (snow, rain
& hail), wind speed and
direction, visibility and
cloud amounts.

What is Climate?
Climate describes the
average weather of a
particular part of the
world at different times
of the year
In Britain we would
expect cool summers and
mild winters with
moderate rainfall
throughout the year

The Weather Station
A weather station
makes continuous
measurements of
different aspects of the
weather.
Weather stations use
standard instruments so
that their readings can
be compared.

Temperature
Temperature is recorded
using thermometers
housed inside a
Stevenson screen
Weather stations record
both air temperature and
the temperature of the
ground
Temperature: The Stevenson Screen
Why is the screen
painted white?
Why is it raised on legs
above the ground?
Why has it got louvred
sides?

Precipitation
Rainfall, snow, hail and
fog.
Rainfall is measured in a
raingauge.
Some raingauges record
rainfall automatically
whilst others are
emptied everyday by an
observer
Wind
The direction and strength of
the wind are both measured
A wind vane measures
direction
An anemometer records
strength
Wind strength can also be
measured using the Beaufort
Scale
Pressure
Pressure is the weight of the
atmosphere
When air rises pressure falls
When air sinks pressure
increases
Pressure controls the type of
weather
Barometers and
barographs record pressure

Recording pressure

Sunshine
A note is made of the
number of hours of
bright sunshine each day
Sunshine is traditionally
measured using a
Campbell-Stokes
sunshine recorder

Cloud
The amount of the sky
obscured by cloud
Different types of clouds
Sometimes even the
speed and direction in
which the clouds are
moving are recorded
using a nephoscope
Cloud Types - Cumulus

Cloud Types - Stratus

Cloud Types - Cirrus
The Hydrological Cycle