5.

3: Summation Notation and Area

(Def 5.9): Summation Notation
1 2 3
1
n
k n
k
a a a a a
=
= + + + +

(Th 5.10):
1
n
k
c nc
=
=

1 2
n
k b b b n
k b
a a a a a
+ +
=
= + + + +

Example: Evaluate .
10
1
3
i =

3 10 = 30 =
10
1
3
i =

A common mistake is to write

1
n
i
c c
=
=

(Th 5.11): Summation Properties

(i) ( )
1 1 1
n n n
i i i i
i i i
a b a b
= = =
=

(ii) ( )
1 1
n n
i i
i i
c a c a
= =
=

(Th 5.12): Summation Formulas
(i)
( )
1
1
2
n
i
n n
i
=
+
=

(ii)
( )( )
2
1
1 2 1
6
n
i
n n n
i
=
+ +
=

(iii)
( )
2
3
1
1
2
n
i
n n
i
=
| | +
=
|
\ .

You may have fond

memories of proving
these formulas last year
with induction.
We will be using them
this year, not proving
them again
Example: Express in terms of .
3 2
1
2 5
n
k
k k
=
+

n
3 2
1
2 5
n
k
k k
=
+

3 2
1 1 1
2 5
n n n
k k k
k k
= = =
= +

3 2
1 1 1
2 5
n n n
k k k
k k
= = =
= +

( ) ( )( )
2
1 1 2 1
2 5
2 6
n n n n n
n
| | | | + + +
= +
| |
\ . \ .
4 3 2 3 2
2 2 3
5
4 3
n n n n n n
n
| | | |
+ + + +
= +
| |
\ . \ .
4 3 2
3 2 9 56
12
n n n n +
=
Investigating Area
a b
( )
y f x =
x A
i
x
Approximation for
area under the curve
from a to b:
( )
1
n
i
i
f x x
=
A

height
width
number of rectangles
as , . 0 x A n
Area under curve: ( )
0
1
lim
n
i
x
i
f x x
A
=
A

Inscribed Rectangles
a b
( )
y f x =
x A
i
x
Approximation for
area under the curve
from a to b:
( )
1
n
IP i
i
A f x x
=
= A

height
width
number of rectangles
is the minimum height of
in each subinterval.
( )
i
f x f
IP
A = Area by method of
Inscribed
Rectangular Polygons
Circumscribed Rectangles
a b
( )
y f x =
x A
i
x
Approximation for
area under the curve
from a to b:
( )
1
n
CP i
i
A f x x
=
= A

height
width
number of rectangles
is the maximum height of
in each subinterval.
( )
i
f x f
CP
A = Area by method of
Circumscribed
Rectangular Polygons
Inscribed rectangles give an underestimate for area.
Circumscribed rectangles give an overestimate for area.
Example: Approximate the area under the graph of
from 1 to 5 using inscribed rectangles and .
( )
2
1 f x x = +
1 x A =
( )
1
n
IP i
i
A f x x
=
= A

( )
4
1
1
i
i
f x
=
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 = + + + + + + +
2 5 10 17 = + + + 34 =
Inscribed rectangles give an underestimate for area.
Circumscribed rectangles give an overestimate for area.
Example: Approximate the area under the graph of
from 1 to 5 using circumscribed rectangles and .
( )
2
1 f x x = +
1 x A =
( )
1
n
CP i
i
A f x x
=
= A

( )
4
1
1
i
i
f x
=
=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 = + + + + + + +
5 10 17 26 = + + + 58 =
Example: Approximate the area under the graph of
from to using circumscribed rectangles and four equal
subintervals.
( )
sin f x x =
0 t
4
x
t
A = ( )
1
n
CP i
i
A f x x
=
= A

t
4
t
2
t 3
4
t
( )
4
1
sin
4
CP i
i
A x
t
=
| |
=
|
\ .

sin
4 4
t t
| |
=
|
\ .
sin
2 4
t t
| |
+
|
\ .
sin
2 4
t t
| |
+
|
\ .
3
sin
4 4
t t
| |
+
|
\ .
2 2
1 1
4 2 2
t
| |
= + + +
|
|
\ .
( )
2 2
4
t
= +
Example: Approximate the area under the graph of
from to using inscribed rectangles and four equal subintervals.
( )
sin f x x =
0 t
4
x
t
A = ( )
1
n
IP i
i
A f x x
=
= A

t
4
t
2
t 3
4
t
( )
4
1
sin
4
IP i
i
A x
t
=
| |
=
|
\ .

( )
sin0
4
t
=
sin
4 4
t t
| |
+
|
\ .
3
sin
4 4
t t
| |
+
|
\ .
( )
sin
4
t
t +
2 2
0 0
4 2 2
t
| |
= + + +
|
|
\ .
2
4
t
=
Example: Find the area under the graph of from to .
( )
2
f x x = 0 b
( )
1
n
i
i
A f x x
=
= A

1
x
2
x
3
x
i
x
n
x
b
2
1
n
i
i
x x
=
= A

b
x
n
A =
b
i
n
2
1
n
i
bi b
n n
=
| |
=
|
\ .

3
2
3
1
n
i
b
i
n
=
=

( )( )
3
3
1 2 1
6
n n n
b
n
| | + +
=
|
\ .
3 2 3 3
2
2 3
6
b n b n b
n
+ +
=
0 x A
n
3
0
lim
3
x
b
A
A
=
Example: Find the area under the graph of from to .
( )
2
f x x = 3 7
3
7
We use the result of the previous
example to aid us in our search.
A
(Area from 0 to 7) (Area from 0 to 3) (Area from 3 to 7)
( )
3
0
1
lim
3
n
i
x
i
b
f x x
A
=
A =

3
7
3
3
3
3
3 3
7 3
3 3

316
3
=
1
3
105 =