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Center
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What is Circle?
What is Circle?
A circle is a set of all points in a plane equidistant
from a given fixed point called the center.
A line segment determined by the center and
any point on the circle is called a radius.
X
Y
x
y r
Consider a circle with radius r, centred at the origin at any
point (x,y) on the circumference.
2 2 2
x y r +
Equation
(0,0)
2 2
( ) ( ) r x h y k +
2 2 2
( ) ( ) r x h y k +
2 2 2
( 0) ( 0) r x y +
2 2 2
x y r +
Standard Equation
of a Circle
Square both side
Centre at origin
(0,0)
EXA!"E #
Find the equation of a circle having its center at (,) and radius
of length ! units.
Solution :
"ubstituting for h, for k, and ! for r in the standard form
and simplifying, we obtain #
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x h y k r +
h$ , % $ , r $ !
2 2 2
( (0)) ( 0) 3 x y +
2 2 2
3 x y +
Y
X
(0,0)
(h,k)
$he Equation %ith Centre (h,&)
&f a center of the circle is not located
at the origin but at some arbitrary
point ( a,b ), the equation becomes #
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x h y k r +
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x h y k r +
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 0 x y hx ky h k r + + +
g h f k
2 2 2
c h k r +
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
0 x g x f g f c + + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
x g x f + + +
2 2
g f c +
$he Equation %ith
center (h,&)
E'(and equation ())
(1)
Substituting
*e get
Com(leting the
square
( ) ( )
2 2
x g x f + + +
2 2
g f c +
g = -h
f = -k
r = g
2
+f
2
-c
( x - h )
2
+ ( y k )
2
= r
2
Common equation
of a circle
EXA!"E )#
Find the equation of a circle having its center at ('!,() and radius
of length ) units.
Solution :
"ubstituting '! for h, ( for k, and ) for r in the standard form
and simplifying, we obtain #
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x h y k r +
2 2 2
4 ) 5 ( )) 3 ( ( + y x
2 2 2
4 ) 5 ( ) 3 ( + + y x
0 18 10 6
2 2
+ + + y x y x
h$ '! , % $ '( , r $ )
EXA!"E +#
Solution :
"ubstituting '( for h, '* for k, and + for r into standard
equation#
Find the equation of a circle having its center at ('(,'*) and radius
of length + units.
3

3

( ) ( )
2 2
2
x h y k r +
,e obtain
( )
( )
2
2 2
( ( 5)) ( 9 ) 2 3 x y +
( )
2 2
( 5) ( 5) 4 3 12 x y + + +
after expanding the equation we obtain the equation
2 2
10 18 94 0 x y x y + + + +
Determine the center and radius of a circle
EXA!"E ) #
"%etch the graph of
2 2
6 4 9 0 x y x y + + +
Solution :
,e can change the given equation into the standard form of
the circle by completing the square on x and y as follow
2 2
6 4 9 0 x y x y + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
6 4 9 x x y y + +
( ) ( )
2 2
6 9 4 4 9 9 4 x x y y + + + + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2
3 2 2 x y + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2
3 2 2 x y + +
-he center is at ( ! , '+), and the length of a radius is + units
Y
X
(,,-+)
+
( ) ( )
2 2
2
3 2 2 x y + +
.rom the equation
EXA!"E +#
Find the center and the length of the radius of the circle
Solution :
2 2
6 12 2 0 x y x y + +
.y comparing the equation to the standard form
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + +
,e find
2 6 and 2 12 g f
3 and 6 g f
so we obtain the center at and
( ) ( )
, 3, 6 g f
2 2
r h k c +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 6 2 r +
47 r
Circle (assing through three (oints
Y
X
('
+
,/
+
)
('
)
,/
)
)
('
,
,/
,
)
/iven the coordinates of three points on the circumference of a circle,
we can substitute these values of x and y into the equation of the circle
and obtain three equations which can be solve simultaneously to find
g, f and c.
EXA!"E )#
Find the equation of the circle passing through the points
(,0). (),!), and (0,'0).
Solution :
"uppose the equation of the circle is
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + +
"ubstituting the coordinates of each of the three points into
this equation gives#
1 2 0 f c + +
25 8 2 0 g f c + + +
2 2 2 0 g f c + +
1ultiplying equation 2!3 by ) and then subtracting from equation 2+3,
gives
17 14 3 0 f cf +
())
(+)
(,)
1ultiplying equation 203 by ! and adding to equation 2)3 gives
20 20 0 f + 1 f or
-hen from equation 203
1 c
1
2
2
g
And from equation 2!3
-he equation of the circle which passes through (,0), (),!)
and (0,'0) is
2 2
5 2 1 0 x y x y + +
0ote# -he data may sometimes be given in a
different form and it is often necessary to use
some other geometrical fact concerning the
circle, e.g. the perpendicular bisector of the
chord passes through the center of the circle, in
order to find the equation of the circle.
$he equation of a circle (assing through t%o
(oints %ith the equation of the diameter gi1en2
EXA!"E )#
Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (0,0) and (!,+)
and with diameter
3 7 0 y x +
Solution :
-he standard form of the circle is
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + +
"ince the circle passes through (0,0)
2 2 2 0 g f c + + +
"ince the circle passes through (!,+)
6 4 13 0 g f c + + +
-he center of the circle (-g,-f) must passes through the diameter
3 7 0 y x +
-herefore, 3 7 0 f g + +
"olving equations 203, 2+3 and 2!3, given
5 1
, and 4
2 2
g f c
-he equation of the circle is
2 2
5 4 0 x y x y + +
EXA!"E +#
Find the equation of the circle having A. as diameter where A is the
point (0,4) and . is the point (!,0)).
Solution :
5et (h,%) be the centre of a circle radius r,
/iven A (0,4) and . (!,0))
( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 14 8 AB +
2 2
2 6 +
40
2 10
radius, r
2 10
10
2

the center of the circle, (h,%) is
3 1 8 14
( , ) ,
2 2
h k
+ +
1

1
]
( )
( , ) 2,11 h k
-he circle has equation
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x h y k r +
"ubstituting h $ +, % $ 00 and r into the equation gives 10
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2 11 10 x y +
2 2
4 22 115 0 x y x y + +
EXERC3SES )
)).ind the equation of the circle (assing
through the follo%ing (oints#
(0,+), (,,)), (+,,)
+) .ind the equation of the circle %hich
(asses through the (oints (+,4) and (5,-5)
and has its centre on the line '6+/70
0 2 3 3 : ans
2 2
+ + y x y x
0 20 2 4 : ans
2 2
+ + y x y x
$he (oints of intersection of t%o circles
EXA!"E )#
Find the intersection between the circle and
Solution :
2 2
10 x y +
2 5 y x +
2 2
10 x y +
2 5 y x +
/iven
())
(+)
From (+)
5 2 y x
"ubstitute (+) into (0)
( )
2
2
5 2 10 x x +
2 2
25 20 4 10 x x x + +
2
5 20 15 0 x x +
2
4 3 0 x x +
1, 3 x x
( )
5 2 3 1 y ,hen ,
3 x
1 x ,
( )
5 2 1 3 y
so the intersection points are (!,'0) and (0,!)
( ) ( )
1 3 0 x x
EXA!"E +#
Find the intersection between the two circle below

Solution :
2 2
2 3 0 x y x + +
2 2
6 3 0 x y x + +
/iven
2 2
2 3 0 x y x + + ())
2 2
6 3 0 x y x + +
(+)
.y (+) 6 (0)
8 0 x
0 x
from 203 when
2
0, 3 x y
3 or 3 y y
so the intersections are
( ) ( )
0, 3 , 0, 3
EXA!"E ,#
Find the intersection between the two circle below with equation

2 2
3 13 48 0 x y x y + +
2 2
3 0 x y x y + +
Solution :
-he coordinates of the points of intersection, 7 and 8, of the two circles
satisfy both equations. "ubtracting 2+3 from 203 gives
4 16 48 0 x y +
4 12 0 x y +
-he coordinates of 7 and 8 also satisfy this linear equation. "ince is
the equation of a straight line and is satisfied by both 7 and 8, it must
be the equation of the common chord
Common Chord
-o find the coordinates of 7 and 8, we solve simultaneously 2!3 and
one of the circle equations.
From 2!3 we have 4 12 x y . "ubstituting this into 2+3 gives
( ) ( )
2
2
4 12 4 12 3 0 y y y y + +
2
17 95 132 0 y y +
( ) ( )
17 44 3 0 y y
44
, and 3
7
y y
44 28
,
7 17
y x
,hen and 3, 0 y x
-he points of intersection of two circles are ,
28 44
,
17 7
_

,
( )
0, 3
EXERC3SES +
0)Find the points of intersections of
the following circles
0 9 4 6
and 0 9 6 2
2 2
2 2
+ +
+ +
y x y x
y x y x
)
5
18
,
5
9
( ), 2 , 1 ( : ans
$angent $o A Circle
$he equations of tangents and normal to a circle
-eorem 0
"uppose we have a standard equation ,
2 2 2
x y r +
so the equation of a tangent for the circle at the point of ( )
1 1
, P x y
is given by
2
1 1
xx yy r +
Y
X
7(x
0
,y
0
)
2 2 2
x y r +
2
1 1
xx yy r +
. "ee figure below
EXA!"E )#
Find the equation of the tangent to a circle at point -(+,!)
2 2
13 x y +
Solution :
Method 1
.y using the common tangent equation .&n this case x
0
$+,
y
0
$!. "o the tangent is
2
1 1
xx yy r +
2 3 13 x y +
Method 2
differentiating with respect to x
2 2
13 x y +
2 2 0
dy
x y
dx
+
2
2
dy x
dx y

dy x
dx y

At the point (+,!),
2
3
dy
dx

-he gradient of tangent is
2
3

-eorem +
&f we have a common equation ,
the tangent to the circle at the point 7 ( x
0
,y
0
) is
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + +
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
0 xx yy g x x f y y c + + + + + +
EXA!"E )#
Find tangent and normal line of the circle
at point "('0,'()
2 2
6 10 82 0 x y x y +
Solution :
&n this case x
0
$ '0, y
0
$ '(, we obtain g $ '!, f $ '( and c $ '4+.
"ubstituting this value in the
( ) ( )
5 3 1 5 5 82 0 x y x y
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
0 xx yy g x x f y y c + + + + + +
,e find #
4 10 54 0 y y
we obtain the slopes of tangent is
2
5

"o the slope of the normal is given by

5
2
.y substituting in the equation
5
2
( )
1 1
m y y x x , the normal line at ( '0, '( ) is
( )
5
5 1
2
y x + +
EXERC3SE ,
0) Find the equations of the tangent and
normal of the following circle at the
given point.
) 5 , 1 ( ; 0 8 6 4
2 2
+ + y x y x
0 7 2
0 9 2 : ans
+
+
y x
y x
$he length of the tangent to a circle
-eorem
-he length of the tangent from a fixed point N (a,b) to a circle
with equation (denoted by d)
d is given by #
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + +
2 2
2 2 d a b ga fb c + + + +
EXA!"E ) #
Find the length of the tangent from the point K(),9) to the circle
2 2
4 2 6 x y x y +
Solution :
,e see that a $ ) and b $ 9. .y substituting this value in the equation
2 2
2 2 d a b ga fb c + + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
4 6 2 2 4 2 1 6 6 d + + +
18 d
EXA!"E + #
Find the length of the tangent from the point (8,4) to the circle with
Centre (!,) and radius +.
Solution :
2 2 2
2 d x +
( ) ( )
2 2
8 3 4 0 d +
37 x
-he situation is shown above, where x is the length to be found.
-he distance d is given by #
41 d
.y 7ythagoras: theorem, we have
2
41 4 x +
-he length of the tangent is
37
EXERC3SES 4
0) Find the lengths of the tangent from the
given points to the given circle.
0 4 4 2 ); 5 , 3 (
2 2
+ + y x y x
units 4 : ans