FLOW THROUGH PIPE

Ppt by:
1. Durgesh Kolhe
(roll no) 202121
2.Utkarsh Kale
(roll no) 202101
3.Manish Musale
(roll no) 202150
4.Anand Kulkarni
(roll no)202125

INTRODUCTION
Pipe is a closed conduit through which the fluid flows
under pressure.
There are 3 types of flows
A. Laminar Flow
B. Turbulent Flow
C. Transient Flow
These flows can be identified by using Reynolds's
number.
CONTD.
If Re 1: highly viscous laminar
creeping motion
1 <Re <100: laminar, strong
Reynolds-number dependence
100 < Re < 103: laminar,
boundary-layer theory useful
103 < Re < 104: transition to
turbulence
104 < Re < 106: turbulent,
moderate Reynolds-number
dependence
106 < Re : turbulent, slight
Reynolds-number dependence


D
Q
Dye
laminar
turbulent
transitional
A
laminar
turbulent
transitional
t
u
A

ENERGY LOSSES THROUGH PIPES
There are mainly 2 types of losses
A. Major losses
B. Minor losses
According to Bernoulli's equation the energy at every
point remains constant in case of an ideal fluid.
But for real fluids there does exist some losses as the
fluid progress through the pipe.
MAJOR LOSSES
This loss of energy is due to frictional resistance.
Frictional resistance include the viscous force and also
the friction at the pipe surface.
The equation for major loss is given by Darcy-
Weisbach equation


f is known as the Darcy friction factor. For
laminar flow, it is defined as



g
V
D
f h
f
2
2

=
2
8
Re
64
V
f
w

t
= =
CONTD.
For turbulent flow, the friction factor f can be obtained by using the graphical
representation of the Colebrook formula which is the Moody chart as shown in
Figure 8.11












Table 8.11: The moody chart
MINOR LOSSES
Minor losses are he losses due to sudden change in area of
cross section or due to sudden changes in the flow pattern
Apart from major loss due to friction, there are also other
forms of losses which are caused by changes in internal
pipe geometries and by fitted components. These types of
losses are referred to as minor losses. There are four types
of minor losses:

1. Sudden or gradual flow expansion and flow contraction,
2. Entrance and exit flows to and from reservoirs or tanks,
3. Bends, elbows, junctions and other fittings,
4. Valves, including those completely opened or partially closed.
These losses become more significant in case of pipe with
small length whereas in long pipes they may not make
serious effects.
CONTD
The expression for loss at entrance is given by



If we have a number of fittings along a pipe, the
total head loss is be the summation of friction
head loss, or major loss, with all minor losses, i.e.


g
V
K h
m
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + = A

K
d
f
g
V
h h h
m f total

2
2
Chezys Formulae
Few modifications in Darcy-Wiesbach equation gives
the chesysformulae.
This formulae is given by.
V
2
= C

2

* m * i
Here V= velocity
C= chezys constant

COMPOUND PIPES
When pipes of different length and diameters are
connected to each others the combination is said to be
compound pipe.
Two types of combinations are possible
a. series
b. parallel
In case of series combination, the discharge through
each pipe will be same.
And that of in case of the parallel combination the net
discharge is sum of discharges through each pipe.
CONCEPT OF EQUIVALENT PIPE
Compound pipe which consist of pipes with different
length and diameters can be replaced by a single pipe
of uniform diameter and same length as that of
compound pipe, this replaced pipe is called as
equivalent pipe.
Hence for this pipe discharge and friction factor
remains same.
SYPHON
A syphon is a long bent pipe is used for carrying water
from a reservoir at a higher level to another reservoir at
another level when two reservoirs are separated by a
hill or high level ground
It is used to
1. to take out water from one reservoir to another
reservoir separated by a hill or ridge
2. to drain out water from a channel without any outlet
3. to take out water from a tank which does not have
any outlet
CONTD.
Negative or vacuum pressure is created in the syphon
so that liquid gets pushed into it.
The flow through syphon then remains continuous till
pressure in syphon pipe remains negative but less than
separation pressure.

TRANSMISSION THROUH PIPES
The power transmitted through pipes is given by :-
P = weight of water pr sec * head at outlet
Efficiency of this power being transmitted can be given
by :-


The power transmitted through pipe will be maximum
if inlet head is thrice the head loss.
Maximum efficiency of the power transmission is
66.67%




WATER HAMMER
When the water is flowing through pipe it possesses
some momentum this momentum is destroyed, if the
flowing water is suddenly brought to rest by closing
the valve the sudden change in momentum will cause
sudden rise in pressure.
High pressure wave is transmitted along a pipe forward
and backward. The sudden rise in pressure has the
effect of hammering action on the wall of pipe is
known as water hammer.
CONTD.
If the hammer blow is very high the pipe will burst.
To avoid pipe bursting, the valve of pipeline or
penstock is to be closed gradually.
The pressure rise due to water hammer depends upon:
1. Velocity of flow
2. Length of pipe
3. time taken to close the valve
4. Elastic properties of materials

SUMMARY
This chapter has summarized on the aspect below:
You should be able to understand the concept of
viscous flow in pipes and to be able to differentiate a
laminar flow against a turbulent flow.
In addition, you should also be able to calculate
major and minor losses for both types of flow in order
to calculate the overall pressure or head loss in a pipe
system.

Thank You