MULTIPLEXING

IN
SONET
By-:
Er. Amit Mahajan
 Introduction to SONET
• SONET stands for “Synchronous Optical Network”,
and Is a method for communicating digital
information using laser or LED’s and a single clock is
used to handle the timing, control and functionality
of all the network equipments .
FIBER

CPE CPE
TX RX
LED RX
 Introduction to SONET
• SONET is a standard, which is established in
United States of America and in Canada, while
a similar standard synchronous digital
hierarchy (SDH) is established in Europe.
• Basic building block of SONET is STS-1 51.840
Mbps
• SDH = STM-1 = 155.520 Mbps
 SONET Multiplexing
DS1 1.544

DS2 6.312 Overhead STS-1

E1 2.048 51.84 Mbps

DS3 STS-1
44.736
Overhead
OC-n
l
l
l
l
STS-n
l
l

STS Mux Scrambler E/O

STS-3c
STS-1
STS-1
ATM
STS-1
Overhead
150 Mbps
 SONET Frame
90 (125 micro second = 8000 frames/second)

90*9*8 bits/byte * 8000 frames/sec = 51.840 Mbps

 SONET Frame

86*9*8*8000= 49.536 Mbps

Hence the maximum efficiency of the frame is = 49.536/51.840=95.5%

 An 2.488 gigabit/sec SONET STS-1 TO STS-48
Byte Multiplexer and De-multiplexer.
• This paper describes the Architecture,
Implementation and Results of high speed
components of the byte multiplexer and de-
multiplexer.
Architecture
De-Mux / Framer
Works at
higher speed

Works at lower
speed

Consists of byte
alignment
circuitry, and
pattern detector
(A1A1A1A2A2A2)
 Program 1
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.all;

entity mux is
port(
a : in STD_LOGIC;
clk : in STD_LOGIC;
b : buffer STD_LOGIC;
c : buffer STD_LOGIC
);
end mux;

--}} End of automatically maintained section

architecture mux of mux is

constant M_d:time:=10ns;
begin
pmux:process(a,clk)
variable temp1:std_logic ;
variable temp2:std_logic ;
begin
if clk'event and clk='1' then
temp1:=a;
b<=temp1 after M_d;

end if;
if clk'event and clk='0' then
temp2:=a;
c<=temp2 after M_d;
end if;
c<=temp2 after M_d;
end process pmux;

-- enter your statements here --

end mux;
 program 2(cascaded multiplexer)
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.all;

entity mux is
port(
a : in STD_LOGIC;
clk: in STD_LOGIC;
ctrl: in std_logic_vector(0 to 1);
b : buffer STD_LOGIC;
c : buffer STD_LOGIC;
d,e,f,g : buffer STD_LOGIC;
h,i,j,k : buffer STD_LOGIC
);
end mux;

--}} End of automatically maintained section

architecture mux of mux is

constant M_d:time:=10ns;
begin
pmux:process(a,clk,ctrl)
variable temp1:std_logic ;
variable temp2:std_logic ;
variable temp3:std_logic ;
variable temp4:std_logic ;
variable temp5:std_logic ;
variable temp6:std_logic ;
variable temp7:std_logic ;
variable temp8:std_logic ;
variable temp9:std_logic ;
variable temp10:std_logic ;
variable temp11:std_logic ;
variable temp12:std_logic ;

begin
 program 2(cascaded multiplexer)
if clk'event and clk='1' then
temp1:=a;
b<=temp1 ;
case ctrl is
when "00"=> temp3:=b;
when "01"=> temp4:=b;
when "10"=> temp5:=b;
when "11"=> temp6:=b;
when others =>temp12:='X';
end case;

end if;
if clk'event and clk='0' then
temp2:=a;
c<=temp2;
case ctrl is
when "00"=> temp7:=c;
when "01"=> temp8:=c;
when "10"=> temp9:=c;
when "11"=> temp10:=c;
when others =>temp11:='X';
end case;

end if;
d<=temp3;
e<=temp4;
f<=temp5;
g<=temp6;
h<=temp7;
i<=temp8;
j<=temp9;
k<=temp10;

end process pmux;

-- enter your statements here --

end mux;
Output waveforms
Mux / Phase Aligner

It aligns the phase of

the external byte clock
with the on-chip byte
clock
 Result and conclusion
• When de-mux/framer • When the total
and mux/phase aligner architecture are
are connected back to connected back to back.
back separately. They BER is 10-11 .
give BER 10-12.
 Metro- Ring Case Study
TDM Upgrade path

WDM upgrade path-: we build

multiple virtual rings at different
wavelengths over the same pair
of fiber.
Let it be working at speed OC-3. suppose
the capacity on the ring is exhausted and
Only a pair of fiber is available, i.e. no
spare fiber available
Metro- Ring Case Study
Metro- Ring Case Study
 Metro- Ring Case Study
CONCLUSION
• The TDM upgrade is not future proof, while the WDM upgrade
path more future proof as the capacity of the existing ring is
future scalable by adding additional ADMs at different
wavelengths. Although we can increase the capacity of the
existing ring by using TDM upgrade but at higher cost of scrap.
• The analysis clearly shows that, if we have exhausted ring at
lower bit-rate then the TDM upgrade path is followed as
compared to WDM. But at higher bit-rates above OC-48 the
WDM upgrade path is more future proof and cost effective.
 References
1. Network For Computer Scientists and Engineer by Shakhil Akhatar.
2. ATM Transport and Integrity By Tosng- Ho-Wo And Noriaki Yoshikai.
3. SONET/SDH Demystify by Steven Shaperd.
4. Optical N/w Design and Implimentation by Vivek Alwayn.
5. D.K. Mynbaeu & L. Scheiner, ‘Fiber optic Communication Technology,
Pearson Edu. Asia
6. Uyless Black, ‘Optical Networks’, Pearson education
7. Optical Network by Rajiv Raja swami .
8. Mehcan Bagheri, Dennis T. Kong, Wayne S. Holden, Fernando C.
xrizany, Derek D. Mahoney, and Douglas C. Larson “An Experimental
2.488 Gigabit/Sec SONET STS-3C to STS-48 byte Multiplexer And
Demultiplexer”
 References
9. Data Communications and Networking by
Behrouz A Forozan.
10.Online lecture (in CD )
11.Synchronous Optical Network; R.J. Riehl;
Defence Information Systems Agency.
12.Computer Communications; K.G. Beauchamp
and G.S.Poo; International Thompson
Computer Press.
THANK YOU
 Section overhead
 A1,A2-:used to identify the
beginning of the frame to
receiving equipment for C1
synchronization purposes. The
pattern is the hexadecimal
number 0xF628 (1111 0110 0010
1000)
 C1-: Identification byte-: to
numbering the STS-1 in STS-N.
 B1-: Bit interleave parity byte.
 E1-: which is used by the
technicians while troubleshot the
network.
 Section overhead
 F1-: is user configurable and
can be employed for a C1
variety of purposes. It is not
standardized. Can be used
for application management
or network management.
 D1,D2,D3-: DCC is a 192kbps
data comm. Channel b/w
section terminating devices,
is used for OAM&P.

R
 Line Overhead
 H1,H2(pointer byte)
 H3 (Pointer Action Byte). if
more than 783 bytes are
ready to be transmitted
with in single 125 ms. Then
it is placed in this byte.
 B2-: this is a Bit interleaved
parity byte for LOH and is
used to carry error
checking information for
LOH only (not inc. SOH).
 Line Overhead
 K1,K2(Automatic protection
switching).
 D4-D12 (Data comm. Channel) is
a 576kbps, OAM&P Information
such as control signal,
monitoring, alarm information
etc.
 Z1,Z2 future growth bytes.
 E2 Order-wire byte-: is used by
the technician as a voice channel
(64kbps) while troubleshoot the
network problem. Z1 Z2
 Path Overhead
 J1 (Trace byte)-: used by the CPE at the
end to ensure that it is properly connected
to the transmitting device by using 64-byte
repeating code.
 B3 (path BIP) For error checking of path
overheads of previous frame.
 C2 (Path signal label) is used to tell a
receiving device what is actually contained
in the SPE. This permits the simultaneous
transport of multiple traffic type.
 Path Overhead
 G1 (Path Status Byte) used to
communicate overall transmission
status of duplex circuited.
 F2 (User byte) to transport network
management data.
 H4 (indicator) which points the starting
of the virtual tributaries.
 Z1,Z2,Z3 (future growth byte)
.
 Pointer Bytes H1,H2
 H1,H2 pointer byte-:Is a 16 bit payload
pointer.

 Payload pointer is only of 10 bits,

corresponding 783 locations in
SPE ( 86*9= 783 ).
 Pointer Bytes H1,H2
IF payload starts from the beginning of the byte then no proplem.

1 BYTE in SPE

IF payload starts from 1st bit

of the byte in SPE, then no
problem. It can be easily
predicted by last 10 bits.
 Pointer Bytes H1,H2
IF payload starts from the beginning of the byte then no proplem.

1 BYTE in SPE

If starts from 4th bit, the

exact location can be
detected by NDF.

R
.
 K1,K2(Automatic protection switching).

• In case of failure of
one fiber it
automatically route
the traffic on the
backup fiber.

R
C2 (Path signal label)