INTRODUCTION Concrete is obtained by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and admixtures in required proportions. The mixture when placed in forms and allowed to cure becomes hard like stone.
The hardening is caused by chemical action between water and the cement due to which concrete grows stronger with age.
It is the most widely-used man-made construction material in the world.
2 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN CONCRETE MAKING MATERIALS Cement Aggregates Water Admixtures
3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN CEMENT Cement and water forms the active component of concrete, while the inactive group comprises the fine and coarse aggregates. The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds the aggregates together.
Types of Cement Although around 18 types of cements are recognized by BIS, more commonly used ones are: Ordinary Portland Cement 33, 43, & 53 grade OPC, Blended Cements (PPC and PSC). Sulphate Resisting Cement (SRC), Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC), Hydrophobic Portland Cement, Colored Cement (White Cement). 4 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN AGGREGATES They are cheaper than cement and impart greater volume stability and durability to concrete. The main purpose is to provide bulk to the concrete. Some of the aggregates may be chemically active.
CLASSIFICATION Geological origin natural and artificial Size fine, coarse and all-in Shape rounded, irregular, angular, flaky and elongated Unit weight normal-weight, heavyweight and lightweight
5 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN WATER The most important and least expensive ingredient of concrete. One part of the water is used in the hydration of cement to form the binding matrix. The remaining water affords lubrication and workability to the concrete. Water-cement ratio depends on the grade of concrete, its workability, durability, nature and type of aggregates etc. Potable water is ideal for concreting. Seawater may be used in PCC.
6 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN ADMIXTURES Added to the concrete immediately or during mixing to modify its properties in the fresh or hardened state.
Types: Accelerators - speed up the initial set of concrete. Retarders delay the setting time of concrete mix. Plasticizers and Super-plasticizers - water reducers. Air entraining admixtures Water proofers Pigments Corrosion-inhibiting chemicals Antifungal admixtures
7 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN TYPES OF CONCRETE MIXES 1. NOMINAL MIX Mixes of fixed proportions, IS:456-2000 permits nominal mixes for concretes of strength M20 or lower
2. DESIGN MIX Designed on the basis of requirements of the concrete in fresh and hardened states. 8 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN TRIAL MIXES Prepared to verify whether the Design Mix would perform as per the assumptions. If appreciable variation exists, the available alternatives are:
1. directly employ the trial mix proportions at the site 2. modify the trial mix proportions on the basis of intuition and employ the revised proportions at the site 3. prepare further trial mixes incorporating changes in the proportions based on the feedback generated from the previous mix. 9 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN CONCRETE MIX DESIGN DEFINITION
Mix Design is the science of determining the relative proportions of the ingredients of concrete to achieve the desired properties in the most economical way. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 10 PRINCIPLES OF MIX DESIGN 1 The environment exposure condition for the structure 2 The grade of concrete, their characteristic strengths and standard deviations 3 The type of cement 4 The types and sizes of aggregates and their sources of supply 5 The nominal maximum sizes of aggregates 6 Maximum and minimum cement content in kg/m 3 7 Water cement ratio 8 The degree of workability of concrete based on placing conditions CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 11 9 Air content inclusive of entrained air 10 The maximum/minimum density of concrete 11 The maximum/minimum temperature of fresh concrete 12 Type of water available for mixing and curing 13 The source of water and the impurities present in it.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 12 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 13 IS 456:2000 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 14 IS 456:2000 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 15 IS 456:2000 FACTORS DEFINING THE CHOICE OF MIX PROPORTIONS 1. Compressive Strength 2. Workability 3. Durability 4. Type, size and grading of aggregates 5. Aggregate-cement ratio
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 16 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Abrams Law
log F = log A 1 x log B 1
where F is the compressive strength A1, B1 are constants and x is the w/c ratio by weight
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 17 WORKABILITY that property of freshly mixed concrete which determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated and finished.
DURABILITY the resistance to weathering action due to environmental conditions such as changes in temperature and humidity, chemical attack, abrasion, frost and fire. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 18 REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS OF MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR MIX DESIGN ASSIGNMENT # 1 TO BE SUBMITTED BY 07-02-2011
Roll #s 01-21 Cement Roll #s 22-42 Aggregates Roll #s 43-63 Water and Admixtures
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 19 METHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 1. American Concrete Institute Committee 211 method 2. Bureau of Indian Standards Recommended method IS 10262-82 3. Road note No. 4 (Grading Curve) method 4. Department Of Environment (DOE - British) method 5. Trial and Adjustment Method 6. Fineness modulus method 7. Maximum density method 8. Indian Road Congress, IRC 44 method CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 20 American Concrete Institute Method of Mix Design (a) Data to be collected : (i ) Fineness modulus of selected F.A. (ii ) Unit weight of dry rodded coarse aggregate. (iii ) Sp. gravity of coarse and fine aggregates in SSD condition (iv ) Absorption characteristics of both coarse and fine aggregates. (v ) Specific gravity of cement.
(b) From the minimum strength specified, estimate the average design strength by using standard deviation.
(c) Find the water/cement ratio from the strength and durability points of view. Adopt the lower value. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 21 (d) Decide the maximum size of aggregate to be used. Generally for RCC work 20 mm and pre-stressed concrete 10 mm size are used.
(e) Decide workability in terms of slump for the given job.
(f ) The total water in kg/m 3 of concrete is determined, corresponding to the selected slump and selected maximum size of aggregate.
(g ) Cement content is computed by dividing the total water content by the water/cement ratio.
(h) Select the bulk volume of dry rodded coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete, for the particular maximum size of coarse aggregate and fineness modulus of fine aggregate. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 22 ( j ) The weight of C.A. per cubic meter of concrete is calculated by multiplying the bulk volume with bulk density.
(k ) The solid volume of coarse aggregate in one cubic meter of concrete is calculated by knowing the specific gravity of C.A.
(l ) Similarly the solid volume of cement, water and volume of air is calculated in one cubic meter of concrete.
(m) The solid volume of FA is computed by subtracting from the total volume of concrete the solid volume of cement, CA, water and entrapped air.
(n) Weight of fine aggregate is calculated by multiplying the solid volume of fine aggregate by specific gravity of F.A. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 23 ACI METHOD: DESIGN EXAMPLE 1 Design a concrete mix for the construction of an elevated water tank. The specified design strength of concrete (characteristic strength) is 30 MPa at 28 days measured on standard cylinders. Standard deviation can be taken as 4 MPa. The specific gravity of FA and C.A. are 2.65 and 2.7 respectively. The dry rodded bulk density of C.A. is 1600 kg/m3, and fineness modulus of FA is 2.80. Ordinary Portland cement (Type I) will be used. A slump of 50 mm is necessary. C.A. is found to be absorptive to the extent of 1% and free surface moisture in sand is found to be 2 per cent. Assume any other essential data. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 24 1 Mean Cylinder Compressive Strength Assuming 5 per cent of results are allowed to fall below specified design strength, The mean strength, f m = f min + ks = 30 + 1.64 x 4 = 36.5 MPa
2 Water/cement ratio Strength criteria Durability criteria
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 25 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 26 Strength Criteria CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 27 Durability Criteria CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 28 3 Mixing Water Content Slump = 50 mm Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm Concrete is non air-entrained CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 29 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 30 The mixing water content is 185 kg/m 3 of concrete The approximate entrapped air content is 2%. The required cement content =185/0.47 = 394 kg/m 3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 31 4 Bulk Volume of C.A. Maximum size of C.A = 20mm Fineness Modulus of F.A. = 2.80 Find the dry rodded bulk volume of C.A. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 32 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 33 The dry rodded bulk volume of C.A. = 0.62 per unit volume of concrete The weight of C.A. = 0.62 x 1600 = 992 kg/m 3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 34 5 The first estimate of density of fresh concrete = 2355 kg/m 3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 35 The weight of all the known ingredients of concrete Weight of water = 185 kg/m 3 Weight of cement = 394 kg/m 3 Weight of C.A. = 992 kg/m 3 Weight of F.A. = 2355 (185 + 394 + 992) = 784 kg/m 3 6 Weight of FA CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 36 Alternatively, the weight of F.A. can be determined by the more accurate absolute volume method Absolute Volume = weight/(1000) m 3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 37 Total absolute volume = 697 x 10 3 cm 3 Absolute volume of F.A. = (1000 697) x 10 3 = 303 x 10 3 Weight of FA = 303 x 2.65 = 803 kg/m 3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 38 7 Estimated quantities of materials per cubic meter of concrete are: Cement = 394 kg F.A = 803 kg C.A = 992 kg Water = 185 kg CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 39 8 Proportions C : F.A : C.A : water 394 : 803 : 992 : 185 1 : 2.04 : 2.52 : 0.47 Weight of materials for one bag mix in kg = 50 : 102 : 126 : 23.5 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 40 9 The above quantities is on the basis that both F.A and C.A are in saturated and surface dry condition (SSD conditions). FA has surface moisture of 2% Total free surface moisture in FA = (2/100 x 803) = 16.06 kg/m 3 Weight of F.A in field condition = 803 + 16.06 = 819.06 kg/m 3 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 41 Quantity of water absorbed by C.A. = (1/100 x 992) = 9.92 kg/m 3 Weight of C.A in field condition = 992 9.92 = 982 kg/m 3
C.A absorbs 1% water Water contributed by F.A = 16.06 kg Water absorbed by C.A. = 9.92 kg Extra water contributed by aggs. = 16.06 9.92 = 6.14 kg Total water content = 185.00 6.14 = 179 kg/m 3 Change in Water Content CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 42 Cement = 394 kg/m 3 F.A. = 819 kg/m 3 C.A. = 982 kg/m 3 Water = 179 kg/m 3 Field density of fresh concrete = 2374 kg/m 3 Quantities of materials to be used in field, corrected for free surface moisture in F.A and absorption characteristic of C.A 2. A mix with a mean 28-day compressive strength of 35 MPa and a slump of 50 mm is required, using OPC. The maximum size of well shaped, angular aggregate is 20mm, its bulk density is 1600 kg/m 3 and its specific gravity is 2.64. The available fine aggregate has a fineness modulus of 2.60 and a specific gravity of 2.58. No air-entrainment is required. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 43 Water/Cement ratio As durability criteria is not mentioned, consider strength alone CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 44 Strength Criteria Water/cement ratio =0.48 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 45 Slump = 50 mm Max size of aggregate = 20 mm Determine water content CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 46 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 47 Composition of concrete (kg/m 3 )
Water = 185 Cement = 386 CA = 1020 FA = 738
Density of Concrete = 2329 (kg/m 3 ) CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 48 ROAD NOTE No. 4 METHOD OF MIX DESIGN Proposed by the Road Research Laboratory, UK (1950) Procedure: 1. The average compressive strength of the mix to be designed is obtained by applying control factors to the minimum compressive strength 2. Water/cement ratio is read from compressive strength v/s w/c ratio graph 3. Proportion of combined aggregates to cement is determined from tables, for maximum size 40 mm and 20 mm 4. If the aggregate available differs from the standard gradings, combine FA and CA so as to produce one of the standard gradings
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 49 5. The proportion of cement, water, FA and CA is determined from knowing the water/cement ratio and the aggregate/cement ratio. 6. Calculate the quantities of ingredients required to produce 1 m 3 of concrete, by the absolute volume method, using the specific gravities of cement and aggregates. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 50 DRAWBACKS OF ROAD NOTE NO. 4 METHOD 1. Cannot be used directly for the design of air - entrained concrete 2. No recommendations for durability or strength, regarding the water/cement ratio 3. The design tables refer to mixes in which the FA and CA are of the same shape 4. In selecting aggregate/cement ratio, only 3 shapes of aggregates and 4 gradings are recommended.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 51 DOE METHOD OF MIX DESIGN Can be used for concrete containing fly ash. PROCEDURE 1. Target mean strength is calculated 2. Select water/cement ratio, from the type of cement and CA. Compare this with the ratio from durability conditions. 3. Decide the water content for required workability 4. Compare the cement content with the minimum cement content value and adopt the higher value 5. Find out the total aggregate content 6. Determine the proportion of FA using the appropriate FA% v/s CA size graph, and find the weight of CA and FA 7. Work out a trial mix.
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 52 BIS RECOMMENDED MIX DESIGN METHOD The BIS recommended mix design procedure is covered in IS 10262-82. In line with IS 456-2000, the first revision IS 10262-2009 was published, to accommodate some of the following changes: Increase in strength of cement Express workability in terms of slump, rather than the compacting factor Extend the W/C ratio v/s compressive strength graph
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 53 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 54 Modifications in IS 10262-2009 MIX DESIGN BASED ON IS RECOMMENDATIONS Based on IS 10262:1982
Procedure:
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 55 1. Target mean strength for mix design:
f ck * = f ck + tS
where f ck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days S = standard deviation t = a statistical value depending on the risk factor. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 56 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 57 2. Selection of Water/Cement ratio
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 58 3. Estimation of Entrapped Air CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 59 4. Selection of Water Content and Fine to Total Aggregate ratio CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 60 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 61 5. Calculation of Cement Content: cement by mass = Water content/Water cement ratio To be checked against the minimum cement content for the requirement of durability and the greater of the two values to be adopted. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 62 6. Calculation of aggregate content: CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 63 7. Actual quantities required for mix Adjust the mix for deviations from assumed conditions CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 64 8. Check the calculated mix proportions DESIGN EXAMPLE: BIS RECOMMENDED METHOD Grade M20 (a ) Design stipulations (i ) Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days - 20 MPa (ii ) Maximum size of aggregate - 20 mm (angular) (iii ) Degree of workability - 0.90 compacting factor (iv ) Degree of quality control - Good (v ) Type of Exposure - Mild
(b) Test data for Materials (i ) Specific gravity of cement - 3.15 (ii ) Compressive strength of cement at 7 days - Satisfies the requirement of IS: 2691989
(iii ) 1. Specific gravity of coarse aggregates - 2.60 2. Specific gravity of fine aggregates - 2.60
(iv ) Water absorption: 1. Coarse aggregate - 0.50% 2. Fine aggregate - 1.0%
(v ) Free (surface) moisture: 1. Coarse aggregate - Nil 2. Fine aggregate - 2.0%
Design Procedure 1. Target mean strength of concrete f ck * = f ck + tS
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 67 f ck = 20, t = 1.64 , S = 4 f ck * = 26.6 MPa 2. Selection of Water/Cement Ratio CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 68 Durability Criteria: Mild Exposure Conditions CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 69 W/C ratio from strength considerations = 0.50 W/C ratio from durability considerations = 0.55
Adopt the lower value CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 70 3. Selection of water and sand content CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 71 Adjustments in Water and Sand Contents CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 72 4. Determination of cement content Water-cement ratio = 0.50 water = 191.6 kg/m 3
Is this satisfactory for mild exposure condition? 5. Determination of coarse and fine aggregate contents Specified max. size of aggregate = 20 mm Corresponding entrapped air = 2%
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 74 f a = 546 kg/m 3 , C a = 1188 kg/m 3 Final Mix Proportions Water Cement FA CA 191.6 383 546 1188 0.50 1 1.425 3.10 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN 75